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William Penn in America 



ACCOUNT OF HIS LIFE 



I'ROM THE TIME HE RECEIVED THE GRANT OF PENNSYLVANIA 

IN 1681, UNTIL HIS FINAL RETURN 

TO ENGLAND. 



Givinif, as far as possible, his every-day occurrences 
ivhile in the Province. 



liV ^\\ 

WILLIAM jf BUCK, 

MEMBER OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 

Author of " History of Bucks County," "History of Mor eland," "History 0/ 
Montgomery County tuithin the Schuylkill Valley," "History of Montgom- 
ery County," '■'Life of Chief Justice Layighorne'" " Contribzitions to 
the Hist'ory of Bucks County," "The Cuttelossa," "The Local 
Historian," " History of the Indian Walk," " Local Sketches 
and Legends" "Early Discovery of Coal in 
Pennsylvania," "Early Accounts of Petro- 
leu7n in the United States" etc., etc. 



PHILADELPHIA : 

PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR. 
1888. 




PV' 



Edition limited to Three Hundred Copies. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1888, by 

WILLIAM J. BUCK, 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 



All Rights Reserved. 



PREFACE. 

Although several biographies have appeared re- 
specting the Founder of Pennsylvania, the author 
believes that there is still room for another ; relating to 
that particular portion of his life which he spent in the 
Province : commencing with his first application 
for the grant until his final return to England, extend- 
ing through a period of more than twenty years. 
Within this time transpired the most important events 
by which he will continue to be best known. Judging 
by the little space given hitherto to these matters 
would go to show that there must have been either 
inattention, or a paucity of materials. Though his 
several biographers have written with different motives, 
but not one with a view of enlarging upon the details 
of his residence in America. 

During the author's long connection with the His- 
torical Society of Pennsylvania, he observed that no 
information was more sought after than that of Penn 
while living in his Province. The object of this work 
is to supply this want, and what is now offered is the 
result of upwards of thirty-five years diligent labor in 



bringing together the materials, involving considerable 
travel and expense. When we remember that nearly 
the whole of its contents relate to almost two centuries 
ago, we are gratified at our success in thus producing 
a valuable addition, not only to the life of Penn, but to 
the early history of Pennsylvania, derived, as it chiefly 
is, from original sources, and that of the most reliable 
kind, particularly official documents and correspond- 
ence, from which we have been enabled to give nu- 
merous extracts. 

Our object as far as possible was to show the every- 
day movements of Penn whilst among us ; this has 
enabled us to detect as well as to correct several errors 
respecting dates. With the exception of Janney, his 
biographers appear to have given little attention to 
chronology, particularly Clarkson and Dixon. At the 
remissness of the latter in this respect we wonder when 
we consider how well his work has been digested. From 
the extensive use made of early original manuscripts we 
were necessitated to take some liberties therewith. 
While we have in some cases made literal extracts, in 
others we have modernized the phraseology, or filled 
up the abbreviations ; but in no instance did we alter 
the language or endeavor to give it a construction 
different from the original ; our intention in this respect 



5 



was only to perform the part of a careful editor. This 
work naturally divides itself into two parts, namely : 
his first and second visits here. The former begins 
with Penn's grant and ends with his arrival in Eng- 
land, the next with his second return and final de- 
parture to the appointment of Governor Evans. 

To avoid too many notes or references, a list is fur- 
nished of the various authorities consulted in the pre- 
paration of this work. It will be noticed that among 
those published, about one-fourth are rare and little 
known, whilst of the manuscripts perhaps no other 
complete copies exist. On any disputed points, or 
where the author's opinion might differ, he was the 
more careful to furnish his authorities. Taken on the 
whole, Penn's character by this work is favorably sus- 
tained ; at the same time we did not desire to be 
partial, but to do him that ju.stice to which he is fairly 
entitled. Neither have we sought to raise him up by 
reviling his enemies, but to let his actions speak for 
themselves. We attribute most of his troubles, not so 
much to the opposition that he encountered, as to his 
own pecuniary mismanagement; this was his dire afflic- 
tion and if it did not follow him through his whole career, 
it did at least through most of it. It was his weak- 
ness ; — naturally generous, warm-hearted and indulgent 



as a parent, he could not resist the strong appeals 
continually made to him, and hence his em- 
barrassments. 

Among published works we have derived great aid 
from the Penn and Logan Correspondence, the Colonial 
Records and Archives, and the Memoirs and Col- 
lections of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 
From manuscript sources we have obtained considerable 
from the Penn Manuscripts, the Dreer Collection of 
Penn and Markham Manuscripts, the Penn Private 
Correspondence, the Claypoole Letter Book, the Har- 
rison Letters, the Logan Papers, and the Records and 
Minutes belonging to at least five Monthly Meetings 
of the Society of Friends, were all personally ex- 
amined. In the way of assistance for information fur- 
nished, tender grateful acknowledgements to Ferdinand 
J. Dreer, to whose invaluable collection of manuscripts 
I owe much, also to John Jordan, Jr., and the Histori- 
cal Society of Pennsylv^ania ; thanks are also due for 
favors to the several custodians of the Records men- 
tioned in the following list. This work we know 
might have been greatly extended, but our object 
was to be concise, while we aimed at fullness with 
detail. 

To a work of this kind we have noticed several 



references. Peter S. Du Ponceau, in his Address be- 
fore the Philosophical Society in 182 1, remarks, " No 
other State in this Union can boast of such an illustri- 
ous founder; none began their social career under 
auspices so honorable to humanity. Every trait of the 
life of that great man, every fact and anecdote of those 
golden times, will be sought for by our descendants 
with avidity, and will furnish many an interesting 
subject for the fancy of the novelist, and the enthusi- 
asm of the poet. It is, therefore, highly important, 
that while recent traditions and numerous authentic 
but perishable documents are still in our power, we 
should collect all those valuable materials, and embody 
their substance in an historical work worthy of being 
handed down to posterity. Although such a work 
will not be fruitful of great incidents, still it will ex- 
hibit human nature under a varied aspect ; great faults 
will be found associated with great virtues ; the reader 
more than once, while he admires the latter, be com- 
pelled with regret to acknowledge, as the former 
strikes his view, that no efforts of the human mind can 
ever produce absolute perfection in this sublunary 
world ; and upon the whole, it may with truth be 
asserted, that there will be found in the history of 
Pennsylvania, much to instruct and much to delight." 



William Rawle, in his address before the Historical 
Society in 1825, expressed the following views : "Of 
the founder of Pennsylvania, though the public knows 
much, it does not perhaps know all. There is reason 
to believe that many private documents are still in ex- 
istence, which would present to us in colors strong and 
true, the enlightening, vivifying and chastening power 
of his genius on all around him ; while the colony 
hung on him as their judge, their legislator, and their 
guide." " That such a character," remarks James 
Bowden, " as William Pcnn should have had many 
biographers cannot excite surprise. His fame may be 
said to be world-wide, and men of far different senti- 
ments to have inscribed his name on the pages of 
history, as one of the most illustrious of his age — an 
age, it should be remembered, of stirring events, and 
conspicuous for men of brilliant attainments." 

W. J. B. 

Jenkhitoton, Montgomery County, Pa., November, 1888. 



LIST OF AUTHORITIES. 

Correspondence between Wm. Penn and James Logan, 2 vols., Phila., 

1870. 
Pennsylvania Archives, vol. 1. Edited by Samuel Hazard, Phila., 1852. 
Annals of Pennsylvania, by Samuel Hazard, Phila., 1850. 
Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania, commonly called 

Colonial Records, vols. I. and H., Phila., 1852. 
History of Pennsylvania, by Robert Proud, 2 vols., Phila., 1797. 
Hazard's Register of Pennsylvania, 16 vols. Phila., 1828 to 1836. 
Life of William Penn, by Samuel M. Janney, Phila., 2ded., 1856. 
Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York, Albany, vols. 

111. and IV., 1854. 
Present State of America, by Robert Blome, London, 1687. 
British Empire in America, by J. Oldmi.xon, 2 vols., London, 1708 and 

1 741. 
William Penn : An Historical Biography, by Wm. Hepworth Di.xon, 

Phila. ed., 1851. 
Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, by John F. Watson, 2 vols., 

Phila., 1844. 
History of Pennsylvania, by Thomas F. Gordon, Phila., 1829. 
Histoiy of Delaware County, Penna., by George Smith, Phila., 1862. 
Friends' Library, Phila., 1840, vol. IV., and vol. X. for 1846. 
History of Friends in America, by James Bowden, London, 2 vols., 

1854- 
Travels in North America, by Robert Sutcliff, Phila., 1812. 
Life of William Penn, by Thomas Clarkson, 2 vols., London, 1813. 
Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, vols. I., II., III., and 

IV. 
Address to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, by Ed. Armstrong, in 

1851, Phila., 1852. 
Friends' Miscellany, Phila., vol. VII. for 1835. 
Collections of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania., vol. VI., 1853, 

Phila. 
The Friend, Phila., 1829-30, vol. III. 

Original Settlements on the Delaware, by Benj. Ferris, Wilmington, 1846. 
Friends' Weekly Intelligencer, vol. II. for 1845, and vol. IV. for 1848. 



lO 



Historical Review of the Government of Pennsylvania, London, 1759. 

History of Bucks County, Penna., by Wm. J. Buck, Doylestown,i8ss. 

Contributions to the History of Bucks County in B. C. Intelligencer, by 
Wm. J. Buck, 1859. 

Life of William Penn, by George Ellis, in Sparks' Amer. Biog., vol. 
XXII., Boston, 1847. 

History of the United States, by George Bancroft, 12th ed., Boston, 1846, 
vols. II. and III. 

History of Chester, Pa., by J. Hill Martin, Phila., 1877. 

Plantation work, or English Plantations in America, London, 1682. 

Peasant Life in Germany, by A. C. Johnson, N. Y., 1858. 

History of Montgomery County, Penna., by Wm. J. Buck, Phila., 1877. 

Account of Pennsylvania, by Gabriel Thomas, London, 1698. 

Catalogue of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Phila., 1872. 

A Further Account of the Province of Pennsylvania, by Wm. Penn, Lon- 
don, 1685. 

The Penns and Peningtons, by Maria Webb, London, 1867. 

History of Philadelphia, by Thompson Westcott, in the the Sunday Dis- 
patch. 

Geographische Beschreibung Pennsylvania, by F. D. Pastorius, Leipzig, 
1700. 

Geschichte von Pennsylvania, by Ebelung. 

William Penn, the Founder of Pennsylvania, by John Stoughton, D. D., 
London, 1882. 

History of Montgomery County, Everts and Peck, Phila., 1884, contribu- 
tions by Wm. J. Buck. 

History of the Indian Walk, by Wm. J. Buck, 1886. 



II 



MANUSCRIPTS 



Private Correspondence in Penn MSS., vol. I. (i.) 

Dreer Collection of Penn and Markham Papers. (2.) 

Penn-Physick Correspondence, vol. I. (3.) 

Letter Book of Wm. Penn, 1699 to 1703. (4.) 

Official Correspondence, Penn MSS., vol. I. 

Marriage Record of Falls Monthly Meeting, Book A. 

Births and Deaths of Falls Monthly Meeting. 

Records of Middletown Monthly Meeting. 

Land Records of Philadelphia. 

Records of Surveyor-General's Office, Harrisburg. 

Bucks County Court Records. 

Registry of Arrivals in Philadelphia, 1682. 

Book of Ear Marks, Bucks County Records. 

James Claypoole's Letter Book. 

Marriage Records of Phila. Monthly Meeting, Book A. 

Bucks County Land Records, vol. VL 

Marriage Records of Burlington Monthly Meeting. 

Records of Chester Monthly Meeting. 

Minutes of Middletown Monthly Meeting. 

Records of Philadelphia Monthly Meeting. 

Penn's Correspondence with James Harrison. 

Bucks County Quarterly Meeting Records. 

The Logan Manuscripts. 

Warrants and Surveys in Philadelphia County, vols. L, IL, III. and IV. 



12 



CONTENTS, 



CHAPTER. PAGE. 

I. — The Grant of Pennsylvania i" 

II. — Markham despatched to Pennsylvania 27 

III. — Penn's exertions for the welfare and prosperity of his 

Province, 44 

IV. — Penn's departure and arrival in America, 58 

V. — The Landing at New Castle, Upland and Philadelphia, . 66 
VI. — The first Assembly. — Liberty of Conscience. — Conference 

with Lord Baltimore, 78 

VII. — Penn's Correspondence. — Evil reports concerning him, . 87 
VIII. — Penn's first meeting in Council in Philadelphia. — Friends' 

Meetings, • 96 

IX. — Another meeting with Lord Baltimore. — Purchases from 

the Indians 102 

X. — More Indian Purchases. — Pennsbury. — Further Accounts 

of the Province 109 

XI. — E.xertions of Penn on the boundary question. — Writes a 

pamphlet on the Province. — Arrival of Pastorius, . . 124 
XII. — More Indian Purchases. — Additional troubles respecting 
the boundaries. — Visits Umbilicamense. — Selects a tract 

for the Manor of Springfield 134 

XIII. — More of Penn's correspondence. — Presides at a trial for 

witchcraft, 143 

XIV. — The Welsh tract. — Letters to the Duke of York and 

others 151 

XV. — Penn's preparations for departure.- — Safe arrival in England. 163 
XVI. — Penn writes and has published another account of his Prov- 
ince 173 

XVII. — Opinions respecting the results of Penn's labors in the es- 
tablishment of his Colony 181 

XVIII. — The Society of Friends. — Several matters about Penn and 

Pennsbury 194 



13 



CHAPTER. PAGE. 

XIX. — Penn reinstated in his government. — Resolves to return. — 

Proposes a union of the Colonies 202 

XX. — Penn departs with his family to the Province. — His arrival 

and reception at Chester and Philadelphia 219 

XXI. — Troubles respecting Pirates. — The Governor has a son born 

on whom he bestows the Manor of Perkasie 234 

XXII. — Penn's proposals for the moral improvement of the Negroes 
and Indians. — Meanness in allowing him no compensa- 
tion. — His abilities as a writer 246 

XXIII. — Penn suggests the night watch in Philadelphia. — Attends 
Haverford Meeting. — Makes additional improvements 

at Pennsbury, 258 

XX I\". — Too much the practice to cheat the Governor. — Pacifies a 
troublesome Indian. — Visits New York with the Gov- 
ernors of Virginia and New Jersey, 268 

XXV. — Important meeting at New Castle. — Intercession and self- 
sacrifice for a condemned vessel. — Able reply to Colonel 

Quarry, 277 

XXVI. — The Proprietary officials given to land speculations. — Courts 
of Inquiry established. — Pamphlets printed and circu- 
lated in Germany to promote emigration, 292 

XXVII. — A beautiful letter sent to the Countess of Bellomont on the 
death of her husband. — Additional treaty with the Sus- 
quehanna Indians. — A second charge of witchcraft, . 306 
XXVIII. — Penn's journey to the Susquehanna. — Visits Maryland, 

Merion and Gwynedd. — Retires to Pennsbury. . . . 317 
XXIX. — Penn's advice sought in treating with the Indians. — Attends 
Falls Meeting. — Has a long account pending with 

Thomas Fairman 324 

XXX. — Efforts made in Parliament to deprive Penn of his Colony. 
— Political knavery no new thing. — Writes numerous 

letters in defence of himself and government 333 

XXXI. — Remarkable industry of the Governor. — Illness of Phineas 
Pembertoh. — Interesting address to the Assembly. — 

Notice of Joseph Growdon 339 

XXXII. — The Assembly not harmonious. — A delegation of Indians 
come to bid the Governor farewell. — Marriage in the 
olden time, with some account of John Sotchcr. — The 

German purchase 349 

XXXIII. — Philadelphia incorporated a city. — The Swedish purchase 
at Morlatton. — The Proprietarj' makes additional pro- 



H 



CHAPTER. PAGE. 

vision for his children. — The new Charter of Privileges. 
— Makes his will at New Castle. — Arrives safely in Eng- 
land 363 

XXXIV. — Penn's troubles in England. — How Evans became Deput\ 
Governor. — Account of Letitia Penn. — The Proprie- 
tary no financier. — Affairs at Pennsbury 386 

XXXV. — Divers opinions respecting the results of Penn's labors and 
policy, particularly in relation to his last visit to the 
Colony 405 



WILLIAM PENN IN AMERICA 



WILLIAM PENN IN AMERICA. 



CHAPTER I. 

THE GRANT OF PENNSVLVANIA. 

The Government having become indebted to V^ice- 
Admiral Sir William Penn, a distinguished officer in 
the British Navy, to the amount of about i^i6,ooo, 
including interest; his son, in consequence of the long 
delay, became desirous of winding up the affairs of his 
estate, and to have the same settled. Either unable or 
unwilling to pay the same, the latter conceived the 
plan of asking in lieu thereof the grant of a tract of 
land in America, for the purpose of more particularly 
establishing a colony. A conveyance was made 
August 1 6th (6th mo.). i68d,* to Edward Billinge, 
William Penn, G. Laurie, N. Lucas, John P^ldridge, 
and Edward Warner, of all the territory of the province 
of West New Jersey. It was this, no doubt, that helped 
to attract the attention of the subsecjuent great founder 
to this portion of the country, as he first became 
interested in the same in 1675. 



* The year then commenced with March as the first month, and the old style 
will be retained throughout this work. 



1 8 \VM. PEXX IX AMERICA. 

It niList have been about the date of the aforesaid 
grant that he first prepared his proposals in a petition 
to the then reigning monarch, Charles II. His Majesty 
referred the same to the consideration of the Committee 
of the Lords of Trade and Plantations, accompanied by 
a draft for a grant of a tract of land for settling a colony 
and plantation in America, which he desires may pass 
to William Penn for the government of that colony. 
On November 19th, the Secretary was authorized to 
hand to the Attorney-General for his observations the 
powers proposed, and to report whether there was any- 
thing to object. The latter, on the 21st, presented his 
views at some length as to the nature, requirements 
and conditions of the patent. The Committee met 
again P'ebruary 24th, reading over carefully the grant 
as prepared, and then made a favorable report to the 
King, in which they say : 

" May it please Your Majesty. In Obedience to 
Your Majesty's Orders signifyed unto us by the PLarl 
of Sunderland on the ist of June last. We have pre- 
pared the Draught of a Charter constituting William 
Penn, Esq., Absolute Proprietary of a Tract of Land in 
America therein mentioned, which we humbly present 
to Your Majesty for Your Royal Approbation, leaving 
also the Naming of the Province unto Your Majesty. 
Which is most humbly submitted. 

2^t]i Fcbry., iSSo-i^ 



THE CRANT OF PENNSYLVANIA. I9 

We possess sufficient evidence in the aforesaid, that 
the King bestowed on the grant the name of Pennsyl- 
vania. From the beginning it required a vexatious 
attendance on the part of Penn on the Committee, the 
Chief Justice, Attorney-General, and agents of Lord 
Baltimore, before he could reach the consummation of 
his wishes. At length, after many delays and much 
solicitude, he had the gratification of learning that 
his patent was j)repared, and to which the King affixed 
his signature, March 4th, 1681. This venerable docu- 
ment may be seen in the office of the Secretary of 
State at Harrisburg, written in the old P^nglish style, 
every line underscored with red ink, and the borders 
gorgeously ornamented with heraldic devices, and at 
the beginning a likeness of his Majesty. 

Penn must have received this information with great 
satisfaction, if we are to judge his feelings as expressed 
in a letter written the next day to his friend, Robert 
Turner, a merchant of Dublin, very probably just after 
he had received his charter. 

" 5th of 1st mo., 1 68 1. 
" Dear Friend : — My true love in the Lord salutes 
thee and dear friends that love the Lord's precious 
truth in those parts. Thine I have, and for my business 
here, know that after many waitings, watchings, solici- 
tudes, and disputes in council, this day my country 
was confirmed to me under the great seal of hjigland, 
with large powers and privileges, by the name of 



20 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

Pennsylvania; a name the King would give it in honor 
of my father. I chose New Wales, being, as this, a 
pretty hilly country, but Penn being Welsh for a head, 
as Penman moire in Wales, and Penrith in Cumberland, 
and Penn in Ikickinghamshire, the highest land in 
PLngland, called this Pennsylvania, which is the Iiig/i. 
or head zvoodlaiids ; for I proposed, when the Secretary, 
a Welshman, refused to have it called New Wales, 
Sylvauia, and they added Pe)in to it ; and though I 
much opposed it, and went to the King to have it 
struck out and altered, he said it was past, and would 
take it upon him ; nor could twenty guineas move 
the under-secretary to vary the name ; for I feared lest 
it should be looked on as a vanity in me, and not as a 
respect in the King, as it truly was to my father, whom 
he often mentions with praise. Thou mayest communi- 
cate my grant to P^riends, and expect shortly my 
proposals. 

"It is a clear and just thing and my God that hath 
given it me through many difficulties, will, I believe, 
bless and make it the seed of a nation. I shall have 
a tender care to the government, that it be laid at first. 
No more now, but dear love in the truth. Thy true 
friend, 

Wm. Penn." 

By said charter, William Penn is made absolute pro- 
prietary, saving to the King and his successors the 
sovereignty of the country, and due allegiance being 



THE GRANT OF PENNSVT.VANIA. 2 I 

rcfiuircd from all. The grant was not " /// capita," but 
in " free and common socage by fealty only," yielding 
and paying to the King tivo beaver skins aiunially, to 
be delivered at the castle of Windsor, and also the 
fifth part of all gold and silver ore which shall be found 
within said limits. The proprietary, with the assent 
and approbation of the freemen of the colony, was em- 
powered to make all necessary laws not inconsistent 
with the laws of England. The laws of the province 
were to be transmitted to the privy council for appro- 
bation. Appeals from the judgment of the colonial 
courts might, in certain cases, be taken to the King. 

The extent of this grant is stated to comprise " all 
that tract or parte of land in America, with all the is- 
lands therein conteyned, as the same is bounded on the 
East by Delaware River, from twelve miles distance, 
Northwarde of New Castle Towne, unto the three and 
fortieth degree of Northern latitude if the said River 
doth extend soe farre Northwards; But if the said River 
shall not extend soc farre Northwards ; then by the 
said River soe farre as it doth extend, and from the 
head of the said River the Eastern bounds are to be 
determined by a meridian line, to bee drawn from the 
head of the said River unto the said three and fortieth 
degree, the said lands to extend Westwards five de- 
grees in longitude, to be computed from the said 
Eastern Bounds, and the said lands to be bounded on 
the North by the beginning of the three and fortieth 



22 \VM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

degree of Northern latitude, and on the South by a 
chxle drawn at tweK^e miles distance from New Castle, 
Northwards and Westwards unto the beginning of the 
fortieth degree of Northern latitude ; and then by a 
straight line Westwards to the limitt of Longitude 
above menconed." 

The fruits and commodities of the province might be 
imported into any of the ports of England, and not 
into any other port whatsoever, but within a year after 
the landing of the same in England they might be re- 
shipped to any other country, paying such duties as 
British subjects are bound to pay. Penn and his heirs 
were to enjoy such customs on imports and exports in 
the province as he or they and the people there, when 
assembled, may reasonably assess, saving to the King 
and his successors such impositions and customs as are, 
or by act of Parliament shall be appointed. But the 
King was to levy no taxes upon the inhabitants of the 
province without the~consent of the proprietary or as- 
sembly, or by act of Parliament. Penn was invested 
with all the powers of a " captain-general," also " to levy 
muster, and train all sorts of men " to make war by sea 
and land against barbarous nations, pirates and robbers. 

For the greater security of his province, the Duke of 
York also executed a deed for Pennsylvania to William 
Penn for any pretensions or claims that might be set 
up at any time in the future, either by himself, his heirs, 
successors, or others. It was dated August 20th, 1682, 



THE (IRANT OF PENXSVLVAXIA. 23 

and in which he says, " Now, therefore, this indenture 
witnesseth, that his said royal hi<^hness, out of a special 
regard to the memory and many faithful and eminent 
services heretofore performed by the said Sir W^illiam 
Penn to his said majesty and royal highness, and for 
the better encouraging him, the said William Penn, to 
proceed in culti\'ating and impro\ing the said tract of 
ground and islands therein and thereunto belonging, 
and reducing the savage and barbarous natives thereof 
to civility, and for the goodwill which his said royal 
highness hath and beareth to the said William Penn, 
and for other good causes and considerations hath re- 
mised, released, and forever quit claim." This was 
deemed necessary on account of its jurisdiction having 
been for some time previously under the governors of 
New York. 

Penn deemed it also prudent but it was not ob- 
tained without some negotiation from the Duke, two 
additional conveyances or deeds of feoffment from him 
on the 24th of the same month. By one of which he 
conveyed the town of New Castle and the country 
lying within a circle of twelve miles about it, and by 
the other all the land on Delaware Bay south of said 
circle to Cape Henlopen. These now comprise the 
State of Delaware, and were to be held " in free and 
common socage." For the first, he was to pay to the 
Duke the yearly rent of five shillings, and for the sec- 
ond ''one rose at the feast of St. Michael the Archangel 



24 WM. PENX IN AMERICA. 

yearly, if demanded," together with the moiety of all 
the rents and profits thereof However, the Duke did 
not obtain for himself a regular conveyance for the 
same from his brother, the King, till March 22d, 1683. 
The leading object in this was to secure these terri- 
tories from the claim entered upon by Lord Baltimore, 
and \\hich led to so long and expensive a controversy 
afterwards. This section had been successively held 
by the Swedes and Dutch, and latterly by the govern- 
ment of New York under the Duke. 

Th ' Ro\'al Charter, in its beginning, thus alludes to 
Penn's petition for the grant : "Whereas our trusty and 
well-beloved subject, William Penn, P^squire, son and 
heir of Sir William Penn, out of a commendable de- 
sire to enlarge our British Empire, and promote such 
useful commodities as may be of benefit to us and our 
dominions, as also to reduce the savage natives by just 
and gentle manners to the love of civil society and 
Christian religion, hath humbly besought leave of us, 
to transport an ample colony into a certain country, 
hereinafter described, in the parts of America, not yet 
cultivated and planted, and hath likewise so humbly 
besought our royal Majesty to give, grant, and confirm 
all the said country, with certain privileges and juris- 
dictions requisite for the good government and safety of 
the said country and colony, to him, and his heirs 
forever." 

W'e observe in the aforesaid a positive mention, if not 



Tllli (iKANT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 25 

a i)ronii.se faithfully made, by the Proprietary, that "out 
of a commendable desire," among other matters, "to 
reduce the savage natives by just and gentle manners to 
the love of civil society and Christian religion," as de- 
serving some consideration hereafter. As respects the 
original proposals, John Stoughton [JVut. Penn, the 
Founder, p. 165) gives us the following information : 
" The petition existed, but in a mutilated state, in 1735, 
when it was adduced in evidence during a trial in ref- 
erence to the Penn possessions." No copy was dis- 
covered among the recently-acquired Penn manuscripts 
in possession of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 
and its disappearance is therefore to be regretted. ■ 

It was the fortune of William Penn to have warm 
friends in Charles II. and his brother James, Duke of 
York. The former knighted his father for his distin- 
guished services, and always held his memory in last- 
ing esteem, as we also know by his naming this noble 
commonwealth after him when he had been consigned 
to the tomb upwards of ten years. P"or the Stuarts 
few good words are found, and we hesitate for these 
actions in the life of Penn, whether justice has been 
done them. In speaking of this family, Bancroft says 
that "North America acquired its British colonies dur- 
ing their rule, and towi.s, rivers, headlands, and even 
states, bear their names. The pacific disposition of 
James I. promoted the settlement of Virginia ; a 
timely neglect fostered New England ; the favoritism 



26 \VM. FENN IN AMERICA. 

of Charles I. opened the way for religious liberty in 
Maryland; Rhode Island long cherished the charter 
which its importunity won from Charles II. ; the hon- 
est friendship of James II. favored the grants which 
gave liberties to Pennsylvania, and extended them to 
Delaware; the crimes of the dynasty banished to our 
countrv men of learning, virtue, and fortitude." 



CHAPTER II. 

MARKHAM DESPATCHED TO PENNSYLVANIA. 

A MONTH had nearly elapsed from the sii^ning of 
the charter, when the King issued a declaration of the 
fact in the following address to the inhabitants of 
Pennsyh^ania, which, it would appear, was to prepare 
them for the coming of the Proprietary, and the re- 
ception of his government: — 

" Charles R. — Whereas his majesty, in consideration 
of the great merit and faithful services of Sir William 
Penn, deceased, and for divers other good causes him 
thereunto moving, hath been graciously pleased, by 
letters-patent bearing date the 4th day of March last 
past, to give and grant unto William Penn, Esq., son 
and heir of the said Sir William Penn, all that tract," 
[etc., as described in the charter.] 

" His majesty doth, therefore, hereby publish and 
declare his royal will and pleasure, that all persons 
settled or inhabiting within the limits of said province, 
do yield all due obedience to the said William Pcnn_ 
his heirs and assigns, as absolute proprietaries and 
governors thereof, as also to the deputies, agents, or 



28 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

lieutenants, lawfulh' commissioned by him or tliem, 
according to the powers and authorities granted by the 
said letters-patent, wherewith his majesty expects and 
requires a ready compliance from all persons whom it 
may concern, as they tender his majestie's displeasure. 
Given at Court, etc., 2d April, thirty -third )'ear of 
reign, By his majesty's command. 

Conway." 

About this time Penn had decided to appoint his 
cousin, William Markham, of London, his Deputy- 
Governor, to proceed in a few days to the new prov- 
ince and assume the government, and also be prepared 
for his coming as soon as he could make all the re- 
quisite arrangements in his business affairs to take 
charge of those duties. In the selection of his kins- 
man for so important a post he no doubt made an ex- 
cellent choice, and it is remarkable that in the several 
biographies of Penn, nothing appears relative to so 
conspicuous a character. He was the son of the Ad- 
miral's sister, and we infer from the Penn manuscripts 
that his father's name was also William, and that he had 
died some time previous. Some authorities state that 
he was a captain, and others a colonel in the British 
Army; we have also noticed in some documents his 
being called "gentleman," and he is mentioned in the 
Admiral's will, which bears date January 20th, 1669, as 
his "nephew," at which time he must have been quite 
young. 



MAKKIIAM DKSrATCIIED TO TENNSVLVANM A. 29 

Venn also prepared an address a few days after, which 
we give as copied verbatim from the original : 

" For the Inhabitants of Pennsylvania. To be read 
by my Deputy," and is indorsed, " The Proj)rietor's 
Letter to ye Inhabitants of Pennsilvania." 

" My Friends: — I wish you all happiness here & 
hereafter. Thes are to lett you know that it liath 
pleased god in his providence to cast you within my 
Lott & care. It is a business yt though I never 
undertook before, yet god has given me an under- 
standing of my Duty & an honest minde to doe it 
upright!}'. I hope you will not be troubled at ye 
chainge & the King's choice, for you are now fixt, at 
ye mercy of no Governour yt comes to make his for- 
tune great, you shall be govern'd by laws of yr own 
making, & live a free and if you will a Sober & in- 
dustrious People. I shall not usurp the right of any, 
or oppress his person. God has furnisht me with a 
Better resolution, & has given me his grace to keep it. 
In short wt ever sober & free men can reasonably de- 
sire for ye security & improvement of their own happi- 
ness, I shall heartily comply with, & in five months 
resolve if it pleas god to sec you. In ye mean time, 
pray submitt to ye commands of my Deputy, so larr 
as they are consistant with ye law, & pay him thos 
dues (yt formerly you paid to ye order of ye Govern- 
ours of New York) for my use & benefitt, & so I 



30 \VM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

beseech god to divert you in ye way of righteousness 
& therein prosper you & yr children after you, I am 
your true Frd. 

Wm. Penn. 

London, Sth of yc month caird Aprill, idSiT (2.*) 

The necessary arrangements having been made with 
Markham for his speedy departure, the Proprietary 
proceeded forthwith to give him such instructions as 
the short interval would allow since he came in 
possession of the charter. For a copy of his appoint- 
ment we are indebted to Mr. Hazard, who in his 
Annals says he unexpectedly found the original in the 
Secretary of State's office at Boston, in a volume 
marked "Colonial." 

"The commission given by William Penn, governor 
and proprietor of the province of Pennsylvania, to his 
cousin, William Markham, to be deputy governor for 
him, of the aforesaid province. At Westminster, this 
10th of 2d mo. 1 68 1. 

" Whereas the king hath graciously, upon divers good 
considerations, to settle upon me and my heirs forever, 
by his letters-patent, under the great seal of ICngland, 
dated the 4th of March last, a tract of land in America, 
by the name of Pennsylvania, lying and bounded as 
in the said letters-patent is particularly expressed, with 



* These figures have reference to our manuscript authorities mentioned at the 
beginning. 



MAKKIIAM DESrATCIlEI) TO PENNSYLVANIA. 3 I 

ample powers and authorities for the well-governing;" 
of the same, to be exercised by me or my deputy. Out 
of the special regard that I have to the care and fidelity 
of my cousin William Markh^n, I do hereby appoint 
him my deputy, and fully authorize him in my stead and 
for my behoof, and for the benefit of the said province, 
to act and perform what may be fully needful to the 
})eace and safety thereof, till I myself shall arrive, or 
he shall receive further orders; that is to say, he has 
hereby power. To call a council," etc. Is also directed 
to read a letter and the King's declaration to the in- 
habitants, settle boundaries with neighbors, erect courts, 
appoint officers, call on the inhabitants to suppress 
tumults, and generally do all but calling an assembly 
to make laws. Witnesses to the same are Henry West 
and John West. 

Hazard appears to express some surprise that noth- 
ing is therein mentioned in relation to the Indians, but 
this will be found in another paper to Markham, dated 
the 1 8th of 8th month following, of which he could 
have had no knowledge. 

Markham at this time has-been represented as being 
scarcely of age, but we question this, for he was a 
married man, and, like Penn in his first voyage, thought 
it prudent to leave his partner behind till he had at 
least got comfortably fixed in the thinly-settled coun- 
try whither he was going, l^^rancis Richardson ac- 
companied him, but the name of the vessel he em- 



32 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

barked on is not known, which would indicate that 
there could have been at most but few passengers on 
board. He arrived at New York June 15th, with all 
the necessary papers aifd instructions from the King, 
the Duke, the Proprietary, his kinsman, as well as of 
others, so as to facilitate and open the way for the 
mission on which he had been sent. 

Before he left New York, he received from the Lieu- 
tenant-Governor there an order dated June 21st, ad- 
dressed " To the justices of the peace, magistrates, and 
other officers within the bounds and limits mentioned 
now called Pennsylvania," and which had hitherto 
been under his jurisdiction, be now surrendered. It is 
very probable that Markham proceeded overland, en- 
tering the newly-acquired territory at the Falls, now op- 
posite Trenton. Near the beginning of October, he was 
at Passyunk, now near the south-western portion of the 
built-up part of the city of Philadelphia. In evidence 
from an original document we copy the following : 

" Whereas, the selling of Strong Lickers was pro- 
hibited in Pensilvania, and not att Newcastell and ther 
beeing Rom and making themselves more debeiched 
then before (in spite of this prohibition). Therefore 
we, whouse Name are heare under written doe desire 
that the prohibition may be taken off and Rome and 
Strong Lickers may be sould (in the fore said Prov- 
ince) as formerly, untill it be prohibited in Newcastell 
and in that Governmt of Deleware. 



MAKKIIAM DKSI'ATCIIKI) TO PENNSVIAANI A. T, T, 

Pesienck in Peiisilvania, Stli ()ct(.)br, i6<Si. 

To tliL! Govener and Counsell of Pennsylvania. 

Nanne Seka 
Keka Raffan 

TONCi GORAS 

EsPAN Afpe" (2.) 

Although but little over seven months had passed 
since the granting of the charter, and Markham had 
not l;)een four months in the country, beini^ addressed 
" To the Governer and Counsell of Pensilvania," it 
would imply that in this brief time he must ha\'e been 
pretty active, to cause such a missive in this early at- 
tempt at suppressing the liquor traffic with the Indians. 
The first signature for " his marke," has a representa- 
tion of a strung bow, the second a tortoise, the third a 
turkey and the last a rattlesnake, all pretty well drawn. 

At the second session of the Court, held at Upland, 
November 30th, as we learn from the records: "Wil- 
liam Markham, Plsq., governor and president," was 
present, and no doubt remained there over winter. On 
December 7th, he dated from here two interesting let- 
ters, from which we give space for extracts. The first 
was addressed to his wife, and that in the next para- 
graph to a friend. He appears to have been delighted 
with the country, and must have impressed the readers 
of that day with considerable novelty. 

" It is a very fine Country, if it were not so over- 
grown with woods ; and very healthy. Here people 

3 



34 • WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

live to be above lOO years of age. Pi'o\'ision of all 
sorts are indifferent plentiful : Venison especially. I 
have seen four Bucks bought for less than 5s., the 
Indians killing them only for their skins. In the Win- 
ter, there is mighty plenty of Wild Fowl of all sorts ; 
Partridges I am cloyd with; we catch them by hun- 
dreds at a time. In the fall of the Leaf, or after Har- 
vest, here are abundance of wild Turkeys, which are 
mighty easie to be shot; Duck, Mallard, Geese and 
Swans in abundance wild ; Fish are in great plenty. 
In short, if a Country Life be liked by any, it might 
be here. That which is most scarce is Mutton and 
Beef, because you must kill it yourself, I mean of your 
own. What Beef is kill'd, is in October, or there 
abouts, and salted up for the whole year: last October 
I kill'd two very fat Bullocks." 

" I will now give you an Account of the Country; 
It is in a mighty good Air, and very healthy. Here 
are abundance of good Fruits ; all sorts of yVpples, 
Cherries, Pears, good Plumbs ; but I knew not what 
to call them ; Peaches as good as any in the W' orld ; 
some they feed their hoggs with, and some they distill 
and make a sort of Brandy: Abundance of Mull- 
berrys. The Hoggs eat the Chesnuts as they do the 
Acorns; abundance of Walnuts; Grapes grow wild in 
the Woods, and indifferent good : they might be made 
very good ; Mellons both Mus and Water as good as 
can be; and several others I cannot think of Fish 



MAKKIIAM DESPATCHED TO PENNSYLVANIA. 35 

good Store; but we are afraid to put out a Net lest a 
Sturgeon gets in and breaks it, for we have innumer- 
able of them, that they leap into the Boats very often. 
Beasts we have of all kinds, and Tame Fowl. Abun- 
dance of Dear : the Indians kill them only for their 
skins, and leave the Flesh in the Woods. We have 
very good Horses, and the Men ride madly on them : 
they make nothing of riding 80 miles of a Day ; and 
when they get to their Journeys end, turn the Horses 
into the Field : they never Shoo them." 

While at Upland about this time he received from 
England the following letter, which may have been the 
first from there since his departure. It is given ver- 
batim from the original, and we have reason to beliex-e 
that it has not been previously published. 

"London, i<Sth <Sth mo., 1681. 
" Cosen Markham : — My sincere love salutes thee, 
wishing thy prosperity every way, with this comes In- 
structions and concessions with some Company. I 
hope thou hast made Convenient provisions for them. 
I have sent my Cosen William Crispin to be thy Assis- 
tant, as by Commission will appear, his skill, exper- 
ience, industry and integrity are well known to me 
and particularly in Court keeping, etc. So yt is my 
will and pleasure, that he be as Chief Justice to keep 
ye Seal ye Courts and Sessions ; and he shall be ac- 
countable to me for it. the profitts redounting are to 
his proper behoof he will show thee my Instructions 



36 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

wch will guide you all in ye business, ye rest is Left to 
your discretion ; yt is, to thee, thy two Assistants and 
ye Council. 

How I shall tell thee, that if thy Inclinations rather 
run to a sea life, I shall put thee in Command of a 
vessel to carry People and goods betwixt this country 
and that, wch if thou chusest it come wth all ye speed 
thou canst, yt thou mayst be here before I goe and 
command a vessel backwards, the proffit is more, I 
think the credit not less, but this is left to yee to come 
or stay till I come thither, pray be very respectful to 
my Cosen Crispen, he is a man my father had great 
confidence in and value for, also Strive to give Content 
to ye Planters and wth meek and sweetness, mixt wth 
Authority carry it So as thou mayst honour me as 
well as thyselfe, and I do hereby promess thee, I will 
effectually answer it to thee and thyn. give the In- 
closed in Sweeds, to ye Sweed's Priests to read to ye 
Sweeds ; it comes from Sweeds embassador's in Eng- 
land, ye Ld Liembergh, whos lady is lately dead, also 
myn to ye Natives and the Inhabitants, and be tender 
of my creditt wth all watching to prevent all fals Storys, 
and inculcate all the honest and advantageous things 
on my behalf yt may be, in wch be diligent, I can say 
no more, but wish you all prosperity in ye fear of ye 
lord, to whom I committ you all, and rest 

Thy true Frd and Affect Kinsman, 

Wm. Penn." 



MARK HAM nESPATCHEn TO PENN.S\LVANIA. 37 

" I mention yc ship because it was thy motion to 
mc." (2.) 

With the above came another letter, to be communi- 
cated to the Indians. It is too long for us to give en- 
tire, and from the interest it possesses omit a portion 
with reluctance. How much it is imbued with the 
benevolent spirit of the great Founder, and character- 
istic of the honorable motives which actuated him in 
his dealings with them ! 

" London, i8th of 8th mo., i68i. 
" My Friends : — There is one great God and power 
that hath made the world and all things therein, to 
whom you and I, and all people owe their being and 
well-being, and to whom you and I must one day give 
an account for all that we do in the world ; this great 
God hath written his law in our hearts, by which we 
are taught and commanded to love and help, and to 
do good to one another, and not to do harm and mis- 
chief one to another. Now this great God hath been 
pleased to make me concerned in your parts of the 
world, and the King of the country where I live hath 
given into me a great province, but I do desire to enjoy 
it with your love and consent, that we may always 
live together as neighbors and good friends, else what 
would the great God say to us, who hath made us not 
to devour and destroy one another, but live soberly 
and kindly together in the world? I shall shortly 



38 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

come to you myself, at what time we ma}- more 
largely and freely confer and discourse of these matters. 
In the meantime, I have sent my commissioners to 
treat with you about land, and a firm league of peace. 
I>et me desire you to be kind to them and the people, 
and receive these presents and tokens which I have 
sent to you, as a testimony of my good will to you, 
and my resolution to live justly, peaceably and friendly 
with you. 

I am your loving friend, 

WiiJJAM Penx." 

Markham had not left England three months before 
Penn appointed three Commissioners, who were to 
proceed to Pennsylvania, and with whom they were to 
act in settling the colony. The original Instructions 
to the aforesaid are now in possession of the Historical 
Society, who have lately had it framed. It was found 
amongst the Hamilton papers at the Woodlands. The 
last two lines and signature are in the handwriting of 
the Proprietary. As they are of some length, I will 
a\'ail myself only of that portion that relates to the 
Indians. They are dated "30th of 7 ber, 168 1," 
and addressed " To my Trusty and loving Friends, 
William Crispin, John Bezar and Nathaniel Allen, my 
Commissioners for the settling of the present Colony 
this year transported into ye said Province." 

" Be tender of offending the Indians, and harken by 
honest Spyes, if you can hear yt anybody inveigles ye 



MARK II AM DESPATCHED TO PENNSYLVANIA. 39 

Indians not to sell, or to stand off, and raise the valine 
npon yon. You cannot want those yt will inform you, 
but to sofften them to mee and the people, let them 
know yt you are come to sit down Lovingly among 
them. Let my Letter and Conditions with my Pur- 
chasers about just dealing with them be read in their 
Tongue, that they may see wee have their good in our 
eye, equall with our own Interest, and after reading my 
Letter and ye said Conditions, then present their 
Kings with what I send them, and make a Friendshipp 
with them according to those Conditions, wh carefully 
observe, and get them to comply with you ; be Grave 
they love not to be smiled on. From time to time in 
my Name and for my use buy Land of them, where 
any justly pretend, for they will sell one another's, if 
you be not CarefuU, that such as buy and come after 
these Adventurers may have Land ready, but by no 
means sell any Land till I come, allow no old Patents, 
they have forfeited them by not planting according to 
the Law of the place and it cost mee too dear to allow 
such old Storyes, rather than fail offer them the Patent 
Charge, and where Survey'd the Survey money, but 
this is understood only of unplanted places only." 

By two deeds, dated July 15th and August ist, 
1682, Markham purchased for Penn a considerable 
tract of land from the Indians, situated on the west side 
of the Delaware river, for some distance above and be- 
low the Falls. This business, it appears, was concluded 



40 \\M. PENN IN AMERICA. 

at the liou.se of Capt. Lasse Cock. The first was 
granted by twelve " Indyane Sachamakers," as they are 
therein called. In the other, mention is made of "ye 
land called Soepassincks, and ye island of ye same 
name." Not long after, this constituted Pennsbury 
Manor, comprising 6558 acres, and on which Penn had 
his mansion erected, and where he dwelt for a consider- 
able time while in this country. Both these purchases 
lay wholly within the limits of Bucks County, which 
was not established till in the following year. These 
deeds may be seen in the first volume of the Pennsyl- 
vania Archives. 

Capt. Thomas Holme, a resident of Waterford, Ire- 
land, was commissioned by Penn Surveyor-General of 
Pennsylvania, April 1 8th, 1682. He was to survey 
the whole of the province, for which purpose he reposed 
"special confidence" in his "integrity and ability." 
He embarked on the ship Amity, which left the 
Downs on the 23d, for America. He brought with 
him four children, John Claypoole, an assistant, and 
Silas Crispin, afterwards his son-in-law. Penn confided 
to Capt. Holme another letter to the Indians, which 
he read to them through an interpreter. A fac-simile 
of the original is framed at the Historical Society, pre- 
sented by the late Benjamin Ferris, of Wilmington, in 
1842. The following is copied from the same: 

" The great God, who is the power and wisdom that 
made you and me, incline your hearts to righteousness, 



MARKHAM DESPATCH F-:n TO PENNSVrA'ANIA. 4 I 

love, and peace. This I send to assure you of my 
love, and to desire your love to my friends, and when 
the ijreat God brings me among you, I intend to order 
all things in such a manner that we may all live in 
love and peace one with another, which I hope the 
great God will incline both me and you to do. I seek 
nothing but the honour of His name, and that we, who 
are His workmanship, may do that which is well 
pleasing to Him. The man which delivers this unto 
you is my special friend, sober, wise, and loving; you 
may believe him. I have already taken care that none 
of my people wrong you, by good laws I have pro- 
vided for that purpose; nor will I ever allow any of 
my people to sell rum, to make your people drunk. If 
any thing should be out of order, expect, when I come, 
it shall be mended, and I will bring you some things 
of our country that are useful and pleasing to you. 
So I rest in the love of our God that made us. 
I am your loving friend, 

William Penn. 

England, 21st of Second mouth, 1682. 

" I read this to the Indians by an interpreter, the 
Sixth month, 1682. — Thomas Holme." 

It has been supposed that this was done at Shacka- 
maxon, and a late discovery of a bill of charges made 
by Thomas Fairman against William Penn, for 1682, 
states, " To lodging Capt. Holme, his two sons and 



42 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

two daughters, with their and his other friends' accom- 
modations in the Proprietor's service, ^50." This 
clearly estabUshes the fact at least that he resided for a 
time there^ He has also a bill of £],, for horse hire 
for him and Markham and accompanying them to 
" Piahe Wickon," most probably as a guide. The 
Friends, we know by the Abington Records, held a 
meeting for worship at Fairman's house as early as 
Fourth month of this year. We thus find it a place of 
note several months before Penn's arrival. 

Before we close this chapter, it may be worth while 
to state a kw additional matters relative to this early 
period of the colony. In a letter sent from Fngland, 
under date of 30th of 9th month, 1 681, the writer 
mentions that " Ships come pretty often from New York, 
New Jersey, or Maryland, by one of which ways I 
believe, thou maycst send almost every month in the 
summer." This shows his opinion that communication 
between the two countries was now becoming more 
and more frequent. 

The Swedes at this time had erected three houses of 
worship ; one at Upland or Chester, one at Wicacoe, 
and one at Tinecum. The Friends held meetings at 
Upland, Shackamaxon, and at the Falls of Delaware. 
Ellis, in his Life of Penn, estimates the population of 
the Dutch, Swedes, and English residing within the 
patent on the arrival of Markham, at about three 
thousand. No mean number for the commencement 



MAKKHAM DESFATCHED TO AMERICA. 43 

of a colony. Dixon compliments his Deputy-Gover- 
nor as "an excellent choice. Bold, resolute, devoted to 
the proprietor," and that " he set about his work with 
equal zeal and discretion." 



44 \VM. PENN IN AMERICA. 



CHAPTER III. 

PENN's exertions for the welfare and PROSI'ERITY 
OF HIS PROVINCE. 

As soon as he had received the grant of Pennsyl- 
vania, Penn set himself earnestly at work to carry out 
his plans and to promote the interests of the colony, 
which he was fully aware stood iu need of fostering 
hands. Amongst the means adopted was to secure all 
the information he possibly could relating to the newly- 
acquired territory, from which he prepared a description, 
and had it published in a folio pamphlet of ten pages. 
We give its title followed by several extracts : 

" Some Account of the Province of Pennsilvania 
in America ; lately granted under the Great Seal of 
England to William Penn, &c. Together with Privi- 
leges and Powers necessary to the well-governing 
thereof Made publick for the Information of such as 
are or may be disposed to Transport themselves or 
servants into those Parts. London : Printed and sold 
by Benjamin Clark Bookseller in George-Yard, Lom- 
bard Street, 1681. 

" Since (by the good providence of God) a country 
in America is fallen to my lot, I thought it not less 



PENN S EXERTIONS I'-OK HIS I'KOVINCE. 45 

my duty than my honest interest to give some pubUck 
notice of it to the world ; that those of our own, or 
otlier nations, that are inchned to transport- themselves 
or families beyond the seas, may find another country 
added to their choice, that if they shall happen to like 
the places, conditions and constitutions (so far as the 
present infancy of things uill allow us any prospect) 
they may, if they please, fix with me in the province 
hereafter described. But before I come to treat of ni)' 
particular concernment, I shall take leave to say some- 
thing of the benefit of plantations or colonies in 
general, to obviate a common objection. Colonies 
then are the seeds of nations begun and nourished by 
the care of wise and populous countries ; as conceiv- 
ing them best for the increase of humane stock, and 
beneficial for commerce. 

" Of old time the nobility and gentry spent their 
estates in the country, and that kept the people ih it ; 
and their servants married and sate at easie rents under 
their masters' fa\-our, which peopled the place ; now 
the great men (too much loving the town, and resort- 
ing to London) draw many people thither to attend 
them, who either don't marry; or if they do, they pine 
away their small gains in some petty shop; foi' their 
are so many, they prey upon one another. The 
country being thus neglected, and no due balance 
kept between trade and husbandry, city and country, 
the poor countryman takes douljle toil, and cannot (for 



46 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

want of hands) dress and manure his lands to the ad- 
vantage it formerly yielded him, yet must he pay the 
old rents, which occasions servants, and such children 
as go not to trades, to continue single, at least all their 
youthful time ; which also obstructs the increase of 
our people. 

" The decay of some of our country manufacturers 
(where no provision is made to supply the people with 
a new way of living) causes the more industrious to go 
abroad to seek their bread in other countries, and gives 
the lazy an occasion to loiter and beg or do worse, by 
which means the land swarms with beggars ; formerly 
it 'twas rare to find any asking alms but the maimed, or 
blind, or very aged ; now thousands of both sexes run 
up and down, both city and country, that are sound 
and youthful, and able to work, with false pretences 
and certificates ; nor is there any care taken to emjjloy 
or deter such vagrants, which weakens the country, as 
to people and labour." 

He gives therein a number of cogent reasons, very 
ingeniously expressed, showing how beneficial emigra- 
tion would be to the mother country, to the colony, 
but above all to the emigrant. Treats in this new and 
inviting field of the great advantages conferred and en- 
couragements offered, also of the many evils in old 
settled countries that prevail and arise from luxury, 
effeminacy and fashion or custom. Among the in- 
ducements held forth was the easy terms on which the 



PENN S EXERTIONS FOR HIS PROVINCE. 4/ 

lands should be sold. Forty shillings sterling for one 
hundred acres, and one shilling per annum forever as 
quitrent. 

" To conclude," he says, " I desire all my dear 
country-folks, who may be inclined to go into those 
parts, to consider seriously the premises, as well as the 
inconveniency as future ease and plenty ; that so none 
may move rashly, or from a fickle, but from a solid 
mind; having, above all things, an eye to the pro\i- 
dence of God, in the disposing of themselves ; and I 
would further advise all such, at least, to have the per- 
mission, if not the good liking, of their near relations ; 
for that is both natural, and a duty incumbent upon 
all. And by this will natural affections be preserved, 
and a friendly and profitable correspondence between 
them; in all which I beseech Almighty God to direct 
us ; that his blessing may attend our honest 
endeavours ; and then the consequence of all our 
imdertakings will turn to the glory of his great name, 
and all true happiness to us, and our posterity. 
Amen." 

James Claypoole, in a letter dated the 26th of Second 
month, says in regard to his " judgment of Penns)'l- 
vania, I and many others wiser than I am, do very 
much approve of it, and do judge William Penn as fit 
a man as any in Europe, to plant a country." In re- 
lation to a paper that Penn hatl given him respecting 
the province, he remarks, " I would have some discourse 



48 \VM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

with him, but he was in such extreme haste to be 
gone." Respecting emigration, " there is great en- 
couragement both as to the country and go\'ernor, 
who I beheve, will establish good laws, as near as 
he can." 

Lewis Morris, recently from Barbadoes, and an 
intimate friend of Penn, sent him a letter from New 
York, dated 3d of Fourth month, in which he says, 
" I was not a little rejoyced to read thine, but rest in 
some hopes that 'tis possible I may live to see thy 
Face in these Parts, especial!}- since I have spoken 
with S. Jennings, who told me he judged thou hadst 
obtained a grant for the West part of the River Dela- 
ware, of which myself and all our Friends were glad 
to hear. I doubt not but .Samuel will sufficiently 
encourage thee to press forward and perfect the Work 
of setling there as much as in thee licth. I cannot 
but let thee know that I am in truth glad, and in my 
heart sensible of the great goodness of God to us in 
these Parts, in casting thy Lot amongst us for surely 
there will be great need of thee." Again, on the 25th 
of the same month, he says, " I received thy second 
Letter, and am very glad thy Lot is fallen amongst us; 
and do assure thee, that I think it the finest Piece or 
Tract of Land in all this North part of America." 

He also prepared at this time " Certain Conditions, 
or Concessions," for "those who are adventurers and 
purchasers " in the said province. We take from the 



PENNS EXERTIONS FOR HIS PROVINCE. 49 

same the following extracts, which are the more 
interesting as exhibiting his views in advance of his 
arrival : 

" Great roads from City to City not to contain less 
than forty feet in breadth shall be first laid out and de- 
clared to be for highways before the dividend of acres 
be laid out for the purchaser, and the like observa- 
tion to be had for the streets in the Towns and Cities, 
that there may be convenient roads and streets pre- 
served not to be encroached upon by any planter or 
builder, that none may build irregularly to the damage 
of another. In this customs governs. Notwithstand- 
ing there be no mention made in the several deeds 
made to the purchasers, yet the said William Penn, 
does accord and declare, that all Rivers, Rivulets, 
Woods and Underwoods, Waters, Watercourses, 
Quarries, Mines and Minerals (except mines Royal), 
shall be freely and fully enjoyed and wholly by the 
purchasers into whose lot they shall fall. 

" No man shall by any ways or means, in word or 
deed, affront or wrong an Indian, but he shall incur the 
same penalty of the Law, as if he had committed it 
against his fellow planters; and if any Indian shall 
abuse, in Word or Deed, any planter of this province, 
that he shall not be his own Judge upon the Indian, 
but he shall make his complaint to the Governor of 
the province, or his Lieutenant or Deputy, or some in- 
3 



50 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

ferior magistrate near liini, who shall, to the utmost ol 
his power, take care with the king of the said Indian, 
that all reasonable satisfaction be made to the said 
injured planter. All differences between the Planters 
and the natives shall also be ended by Twelve men, 
that is by Six planters and Six natives, that so we may 
live friendly together as much as in us lieth, preventing 
all occasions of Heart burnings and mischief The 
Indians shall have liberty to do all things relating to 
improvement of their ground, and providing susten- 
ance for their families, that any of the planters shall 
enjoy. 

" All shall mark their hogs, sheep and other cattle, 
and what are not marked within three months after it 
is in their possession, be it young or old, it shall be 
forfeited to the Governor, that so people may be com- 
pelled to avoid the occasions of much strife between 
Planters. All ship masters shall give an account of 
their Countries, Names, Ships, Owners, Freights and 
Passengers, to an Officer to be appointed for that pur- 
pose, which shall be registered within Two days after 
their arrival; and if they shall refuse so to do that 
then none presume to trade with them, upon forfeiture 
thereof; and that such masters be looked upon as hav- 
ing an evil intention to the province." 

In the preface to the Frame of Government he in- 
geniously observes : " I do not find a model in the 
world, that time, place, and some singular emergencies 



PENN S EXERTIONS FOR HIS PROVINCE. 5 I 

have not necessarily altered; nor is it easy to frame 
a civil government, that shall serve all places alike. I 
know what is said by the several admirers of monarchy, 
aristocracy and democracy, which are the rule of one, 
a few, and many, and are the three common ideas of 
government, when men discourse on that subject. 
But I choose to solve the controversy with this small 
distinction, and it belongs to all three ; any government 
is free to the people under it (whatever be the frame) 
where the laws rule, and the people are a party to these 
laws, and more than this is tyranny, oligarchy and con- 
fusion. Governments, like clocks, go from the motion 
men give them, and as governments are made and 
moved by men, so by them they are ruined too. 
Wherefore governments rather depend upon men, than 
men upon governments. Let men be good, and the 
government cannot be bad; if it be ill, they will cure 
it. But if men be bad, let the government be never 
so good, they will endeavor to warp and spoil to their 
turn." 

He did not in his benevolence forget his friend, the 
celebrated George Fox, the founder of the Society of 
Friends, for in an indenture dated 20th of Eighth 
month, he granted to him 1250 acres to be located in 
Pennsylvania. " Yielding and paying therefore 
and during the term unto the said William 
Penn and his Heirs the Rent of one Pepper 
Corn onely if the same be lawfully demanded, on con- 



52 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

sideration of five shillings in hand paid at the time of 
the agreement." In this instrument he is styled 
" George Fox of London, gentleman," and who was 
now in the 58th year of his age. 

The Frame of Government was followed by a code 
of laws, forty in number, intended to be altered and 
amended by an Assembly in Pennsylvania, as was 
done the following year. In his penal code particu- 
larly, he was far in advance of his age ; for instance, in 
England, at this very time, two hundred offences were 
punishable with death, he reserving this punishment 
only for one, which was for wilful murder. There were 
several great defects which were not in his power to 
remedy. He held his province as a fief from the 
crown, and of which he was made a feudal sovereign, 
yet governed it more satisfactorily while here than any 
of his Deputies. 

According to said code, no taxes were to be collected 
but by law ; in the courts, all persons might appear in 
their own way, and plead their own cause ; all trials 
were to be by jury ; no oaths to be required ; all fines 
to be moderate ; all prisons to be workhouses ; all 
marriages to be published before solemnized, and to 
be solemnized by the parties taking one another as 
husband and wife, before witnesses, signing a certificate 
of the same, and having it recorded. The estates of 
felons were liable to make satisfaction to the family 
wronged to twice the value, and in default to such pay- 



PENNS EXERTIONS FOR HIS PROVINCE. 53 

merit being made the felons to be bondsmen in the 
workhouse until the party injured be satisfied. All 
children of the age of twelve years to be taught some 
useful trade. Slanderers to be punished as enemies of 
the public peace. 

All courts to be open, and justice to be neither sold, 
denied or delayed. All prisons to be workhouses for 
felons, vagrants, and loose and idle persons ; of which 
one shall be in every county. All persons living in 
this province, who confess and acknowledge the one 
almighty and eternal God, to be the Creator, upholder 
and ruler of the world, and that hold themselves 
obliged in concience to live peaceably and justly in 
civil society, shall in no ways be molested or pre- 
judiced for their religious persuasion or practice in 
matters of faith and worship, nor shall they be com- 
pelled at any time to frequent or maintain any religious 
worship, place or ministiy whatever. These laws were 
agreed upon and signed by Penn, the 5th of 3d mo, 
(May), 1682, and clearly show how far in justice and 
liberality he was in advance of an age distinguished 
for its sanguinary laws and religious intolerance. 

At a meeting of the " Free Society of Traders in 
Pennsylvania," held in London the 29th of 3d month, 
1682 ; Nicholas More, a physician of London, was 
elected president for seven years, John Simcock, yeo- 
man of Pennsylvania, deputy-president, and James 
Claypoole, merchant of London, treasurer. A com- 



54 ^^'^I- PENN IN AMERICA. 

mittee of twelve were also chosen, to reside in the 
province ; these were Thomas Brassy, Robert Turner, 
Thomas Holme, John Bezer, Fra. Plumstead, Griffith 
Jones, Antho. Elton, James Harrison, John Blumston, 
Isaac Martin, Walter King, and Wm. Haigue. A 
pamphlet was published by Benjamin Clark, " printer 
to the Society," this year, entitled, " The articles, 
settlement and offices of the Free Society of Traders 
in Pennsylvania : agreed upon by divers merchants 
and others for the better improvement and government 
of trade in that province." The preface is dated 
"London 25th of ist mo. called March, 1682;" and 
signed by Nicholas More, James Claypoole and James 
Ford, who appear to be the most conspicuous pro- 
moters in the enterprise. 

The extraordinary industry so actively exhibited by 
Penn in various ways, for the adv^ancement of his great 
undertaking, was seriously interrupted by the death of 
his mother in June of this year, to whom he was most 
tenderly attached, and by whose loss he was deeply 
affected. She was represented as an excellent woman, 
and in the many trials he encountered for his religious 
principles, had in her a ready sympathizer and coun- 
sellor. Clarkson says that he was so affected by the 
occurrence that it brought on an illness of several days 
duration. This lady was Margaret, the daughter of 
John Jasper, a native of Rotterdam, where the latter 
was a merchant. Pepys describes her as "a well- 



1'enn's exertions for his province. 55 

looked, but short old Dutch woman, but one that hath 
been heretofore pretty handsome, and believe hath 
more wit than her husband." My friend, Dr. James 
J. Levick, in a late address on William Penn (see Phila. 
Public Ledger, Oct. 29th, 1887), remarks, "Unless we 
attribute it to a special Divine interposition I can ac- 
count for it in no other way than by the fact that the 
wife of Sir William Penn and the mother of his boy 
came of that quiet, thoughtfully earnest race who have 
made Holland a garden spot, and the purity of whose 
domestic life has been recognized for generations. 
Each year of my life I am the more convinced of the 
influence of heredity in determining the character of 
the offspring. Had Sir William Penn chosen his wife 
from the giddy creatures of the court of Charles, or 
even from among the P^nglish women of what was his 
own station in early manhood, I fear that William 
Penn, as the founder of a great, peaceful common- 
wealth, would have been unknown to history." 

To encourage emigration still further, Penn prepared 
another work on his colony, which appeared in a small 
octavo pamphlet of eighteen images, with the following 
title: " Plantation Work, the Work of this Generation. 
Written in True- Love To all such as are weightily in- 
clined to Transplant themselves and Families to any 
of the English Plantations in America. The Most 
material Doubts and Objections against it being 
removed, they may more cheerfully proceed to 



$6 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

the Glory and Renown of the God of the whole Earth, 
who in all Undertakings is to be looked unto, Praised 
and Feared for Ever. Aspice venturo ItPtetur ut India 
Seclo. London, Printed for Benjamin Clark in George- 
Yard in Lombard-street, 1682." Though published 
anonymously, mention is made on the first page that 
" W. Penn and his PViends are now engaged in these 
plantations." At page 3, it is stated, " England 
was once as rough and rugged as America, and the 
Inhabitants as blind and barbarous as the Indians." 
It contains also several letters addressed to Penn from 
America, of which we have gladly availed ourselves, as 
this work is but little known. 

In a Discourse by William Rawle before the His- 
torical Society of Pennsylvania, delivered Nov. 5th, 
1825, we find the following high compliment to such 
labors : " The first colonists were invited in Europe 
by William Penn, in the most fair and candid manner, 
to become not conquerors but cultivators of the soil ; 
to conciliate not to extirpate the natives — to earn their 
bread by labour, not to acquire wealth by the prodig- 
ality of chance, the pursuit of precious metals, or by 
reducing the helpless natives to slavery. They felt no 
disappointment when they found, that woods were to 
be prostrated, cabins to be erected, the earth to be 
opened, and its slow returns received, before subsistence 
was obtained. They relied on the smiles of a graciou^ 
Providence, but they knew that His aid is only granted 



penn's exertions for his province. 57 

to those who exert all their own faculties to help 
themselves." 

Janney, not without strong reason, in his Biography 
remarks : " Is not the superiority of Penn's frame of 
gov^ernment to be attributed to the peculiar influence 
of his religious associations ? He was united in fellow- 
ship with a people whose principles and practice were 
essentially democratic ; they acknowledged no dis- 
tinction of clergy or laity ; they placed a low estimate 
on hereditary rank, and they laid the foundation of 
their church discipline on the supremacy of that 
divine principle in man which leads to equality of 
rights and universal fraternity." These exertions of 
Penn were not unavailing, they have left their impress 
on the age, and their influences have been extending. 



WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 



CHAPTER IV. 

PEXN's departure and arrival in AMERICA. 

\_Aiigiist-Octobcr 2^, i6S2?\ 

A YEAR and a half had now nearly passed since Penn 
received his charter, and a few months less when Mark- 
ham started for the distant colony. All hopes for a 
year or two at reform in Parliament vanished, and, as a 
consequence, bigotry and tyranny prevailed the more, 
which was an additional incentive for Friends to seek 
an asylum in the wilds of the New World for the en- 
joyment of that freedom which was denied them at 
home, and for which they had so long been persecuted 
for conscience' sake. No wonder that Penn bent all 
his energies to the noble work on which he was en- 
gaged, and endeavored to execute that abroad which 
was found impracticable in the land of his birth. Our 
greatest admiration is, that he was ever permitted, under 
the circumstances, to carry out the realization of his 
darling schemes, however distant. That he achieved 
this in our opinion is one of his greatest triumphs, 
though scarcely dwelt on by his biographers. 

After having made the most necessary arrangements 
in his business affairs, with a view to his absence in 



PENN's departure and arrival in AMERICA. 59 

America, he engaged passage in the ship ]Velcoine, of 
three hundred tons burthen, Robert Greenaway, 
master. Shortly after he prepared at his house in 
Worminghurst, Sussex, a beautiful, instructive and 
affecting letter by way of counsel, addressed to his wife 
and children, dated the 4th of Sixth month, 1682; 
and from which we take the following extracts : 

" My dear Wife and Children : — My love, which 
neither sea, nor land, nor death itself, can extinguish 
or lesson toward you, most endearedly visits you with 
eternal embraces, and will abide with you for ever; 
and may the God of my life watch over you and bless 
you, and do you good in this world and for ever! — 
Some things are upon my spirit to leave with you in 
your respective capacities, as I am to one a husband, 
and to the rest a father, if I should never see you more 
"in the world. 

" My dear wife ! remember thou wast the love of 
my youth, and much the joy of my life; the 
most beloved, as well as the most worthy of 
all my earthly comforts : and the reason of 
that love was more thy inw^ard than thy outward ex- 
cellencies, which yet are many. God knows, and thou 
knowest it, I can say it was a match of Providence's 
making ; and God's image in us both was the first 
thing, and the most amiable and engaging ornament in 
our eyes. Now I am to leave thee, and that without 
knowing whether I shall ever see thee more in this world, 



6o WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

take my counsel unto thy bosom and let it dwell with 
thee in my stead while thou livest. 

" Cast up thy income, and see what it daily amounts 
to : by which thou mayst be sure to have it in thy 
sight and power to keep within compass : and beseech 
thee to live low and sparingly till my debts are paid; 
and then enlarge as thou seest it convenient. Remem- 
ber thy mother's example, when thy father's public- 
spiritedness had worsted his estate (which is my case.) 
I know thou lovest plain things, and art averse to the 
pomps of the world — a nobility natural to thee. I 
write, not as doubtful, but to quicken thee, for my 
sake, to be more vigilant herein ; knowing that God 
will bless thy care, and thy poor children and thee for 
it. My mind is wrapt up in saying of thy fathers, ' I 
desire not riches, but to owe nothing ; ' and truly that 
is wealth, and more than enough to live is a snare 
attended with many sorrows. I need not bid thee to 
be humble, for thou art so ; nor meek and patient, for 
it is much of thy natural disposition but I pray thee 
be oft in retirement with the Lord, and guard against 
encroaching friendships. 

" I choose not they should be married to earthly, 
cov^etous kindred; and of cities and towns of concourse 
beware ; the world is apt to stick close to those who 
have lived and got wealth there : a country life and 
estate I like best for my children. Next be obedient 
to your dear mother, a woman whose virtue and good 



PENN's departure and arrival in AMERICA. 6 I 

name is an honour to you ; for she hath been ex- 
ceeded by none in her time for her plainness, integrity, 
industry, humanity, virtue, and good understanding — 
qualities not usual among women of her worldly con- 
dition and quality. Ruin not yourselves by kindness 
to others ; for that exceeds the bounds of friendship, 
neither will a true friend expect it." 

We may well judge the feelings under which the 
above was written, not knowing when he would return 
or whether he should indeed ever see them again. He 
embarked at Deal in company with several friends, and on 
the 30th he addressed from the Downs, " A salutation 
to all Faithful Friends in England." Over one hun- 
dred passengers went on board, a portion of whom 
were from Sussex and Yorkshire, and nearly all belong- 
ing to the Society of Friends. On or about Septem- 
ber I St the vessel weighed anchor, and under a light 
breeze stood out to sea, and those on deck could 
observe the Foreland and Dover Castle fading in the 
distance, the last glimpse of their native land. 

It may be well at this place in our labors to give a 
list of those who accompanied the great Founder in 
this his first voyage across the broad Atlantic. Many 
of these have numerous descendants and amongst the 
best citizens of our land, and to whom it will possess 
an especial interest. My friends, Wm. F. Corbitt and 
Dr. E. D. Buckman, of Philadelphia, have given the 
matter particular attention, and we are greatly indebted 



r 



62 \VM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

to them for assistance in preparing the following list, 
which is believed to be nearly complete, and will be 
found to differ somewhat from those published, owing 
to a more recent and fuller investigation of au- 
thorities : 

Passengers in the "Welcome." 

William Penn, John Barber and wife Elizabeth ; 
Wm. Buckman, wife Mary, children Sarah and Mary 
and sister Ruth Buckman ; John Carver and wife 
Mary; Benjamin Chambers, Thos.Croasdale, wife Agnes 
and six children ; Ellen Cowgill, a widow, and five 
children ; John Fisher, wife Margaret and son John ; 
Thos. Fitzwater, wife Mary and children Thomas, 
George, Josiah and Mary and John Otley, his servant; 
Thomas Gillett, Cuthbert Hayhurst, wife and children ; 
Thomas Heriot, Wm. Hayhurst, John Hey, Richard 
Ingels, Isaac Ingram, Giles Knight, wife Mary and son 
Joseph ; Wm. Lushington, Hannah Mogridge, Joshua 
Morris, David Ogden and two sisters ; Evan Oliver, 
wife Jean and seven children ; John Rowland and wife 
Priscilla, Thos. Rowland, John Songhurst, Thomas 
Stackhouse and wafe Margery; George Thompson ; 
Richard Townsend, wife Anne and children James and 
Anne; William Wade; Thos. Walmsley, wife Eliza- 
beth and six children ; Nicholas Wain, wife and three 
children ; Joseph Woodroofe ; Thos. Wigglesworth 
and wife ; Thomas Wynne and wife Elizabeth ; Jane 



PENN's departure and arrival in AMERICA. 63 

and Margery Maud, daughters of Elizabeth Wynne ; 
Bartholomew Green ; Nathaniel Harrison ; Thomas 
Jones ; Jean Mathews ; Dennis Rochford, wife Mary 
and daughters Grace and Mary; William Smith. 

The aforesaid list contains a mention of one hundred 
and two persons, besides several children, and it is 
possible that Penn was accompanied by one or more 
servants. To the Records of Middletown Monthly 
Meeting, Bucks County, we are chiefly indebted for 
the information respecting Thomas Croasdale, Cuth- 
bert Hayhurst, Wm. Hayhurst, Thos. Stackhouse, 
Thos. Walmsley, Nicholas Wain and Thomas Wiggles- 
worth, who, with their families, originally settled there. 

We may well suppose, as the goodly ship Welcome 
sped on her way for the distant shores of America, with 
what anxious hopes Friends in England must have 
watched her departure, for on Penn and his colony chiefly 
depended the expectations of their society. However 
bright the anticipations of those on board in the begin- 
ning, sickness and sorrow soon saddened their hopes. 
That terrible malady, the small-pox, appeared, at first 
in a mild form, but developed itself more and more as 
the voyage continued, till at last nearly all were 
attacked, and the deaths alarmingly increased. 

Richard Townsend, one of the passengers, in his 
Testimony, says, " I went aboard the ]\^eIcovi€ in 
company with my worthy friend William Penn, whose 
good conversation was verv advantafjeous to all the 



64 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

company. His singular care was manifested in con- 
tributing to the necessities of many who were sick on 
board of small-pox, of whom as many as thirty died. 
After a prosperous passage of two months, having had 
in that time many good meetings on board, we arrived 
there." James Claypoole, a merchant of London, in a 
letter to Robert Turner, dated the 9th of i ith month, 
in which he says, he had heard that " thirty-one friends" 
had died in " William Penn's ship of the small-pox." 
Being upwards of one-fourth the entire number. 

From the crowded condition of the vessel, it was 
impossible to prev^ent contagion spreading, but by all 
possible care, attention and medicines on the part of 
those most able, much was done to ameliorate the 
condition of the sufferers, and keep the malady under. 
As we see, Penn nobly exerted himself in their behalf, 
and contributed liberally whatever was needed from 
his own stores. Need we wonder, under such circum- 
stances, that they hailed with joy their first glimpse of 
the low-wooded shores of the Delaware as a timely 
deliverance from the dread monster that was destroying 
them. The horrors of the passage were long retained in 
the recollections of the survivors and of their descend- 
ants. Of those that died, the following names have 
been ascertained : John Barber, Mary, wife of Thos. 
Fitzwater, and children Josiah and Mary, Thomas 
Heriott, Isaac Ingram, William Wade, and Grace and 
Mary, the daughters of Dennis Rochford. 



PENX'S DEPARTURE AND ARRIVAL IN AMERICA. 65 

Penn had a fondness for horses, and Dixon states 
that in this voyage he brought over three blooded 
mares, a fine white horse, and other inferior animals 
for labor. His inquiries afterwards concerning the 
mares were as frequent and minute as those about the 
gardens. 

After having been at sea about fifty-four days, on the 
24th of October (8th mo.j, they arrived in sight of the 
Capes, and the vessel stood up the bay. Eager excite- 
ment was now on board, with impatient longings to be 
speedily delivered from the endurance of confined 
quarters and a dangerous disease. Not three days 
more, and they were to set their feet for the first time 
on the soil of the newly-acc|uired territory. 



66 WM. PENX IN AMERICA. 



CHAPTER V. 

THE LANDING AT NEW CASTLE, I'l'LANI) AND IMIILA- 
DELPHIA. 

[Cr/. 2y-No7K, 1682.'] 

On the 27th of October, the Welcome arrived before 
the town of New Castle, in Delaware, and it is likely 
that Penn and several of his companions at once pro- 
ceeded on shore to visit some of the princi}:)al inhabit- 
ants, and make known his most important business. 
In the forenoon of the next day a meeting was held, 
when he made an address to the magistrates and others, 
in which he explained to them the nature of his govern- 
ment, his designs in coming and what he expected to 
accomplish. He produced the two deeds of feoffment 
executed to him August 24th, 1682, by James, Duke 
of York and Albany. One for this town of New 
Castle and twelve miles about it, and the other for the 
two lower counties, the Whorekills and St. Jones's. 
By virtue of the power conferred in these instruments 
he now demanded possession of the same from John 
Moll, Esq., and Ephraim Herman, constituted attorneys 
by his Royal Highness. According to the usual form, 
these gentlemen delivered unto him " the fort of said 



LANniXG AT NEW CASTLE AND PHILADELPHIA. 6/ 

town, and leaving the said William Penn in quiet and 
peaceable possession thereof, and also by the delivery of 
turf and twig, and water and soyle of the River Dela- 
ware." 

Having received written pledges of fidelity and 
obedience to him and his government, he at once com- 
missioned John Moll, Peter Aldricks, Johannes de 
Haes, William Simple, Arnoldus de la Grange, Justices 
of the Peace, and a Court of Judicature, for the town of 
New Castle. His Deputy Markham he appointed his at- 
torney to receive from Moll and Herman possession of 
the counties below New Castle, which was accomplished a 
few days afterwards. Having received the formality 
of quiet possession, and the requisite business des- 
patched, Penn without delay went on board the JJW- 
come, and under a favoring breeze on the afternoon of 
the same day the passage of near twenty miles was 
soon made, and he arrived at Upland, a seat of judica- 
ture, and the most populous place in his province. 
That Penn arrived here on this day we have the 
authority of Evan Oliver, one of the passengers, who 
says, in a manuscript book, "We came out of Radnor- 
shire in Wales, about ye beginning of ye 6 
mo '82, and arrived at Upland in Pensilvania in 
America, ye 28 of ye 8 month, '82." — From a letter 
by Benjamin F'erris to Edward Armstrong, dated 
Twelfth month 31, 185 I, and now in the possession of 
the Historical Society. 



68 WM. PENN IX AMERICA. 

On the following day (" 29th 8ber ") he dated 
from here two letters. The first is directed to 
Ephraim Herman, in which he says, " With my love, 
this is to desire thee to despatch awa\' a messenger, 
upon receipt hereof, with the enclosed letters, to 
several persons and places they are directed to, that so 
they may be at New Castle, at the court, the 2d of 
of 9th month, in which thou wilt oblige thy loving 
and true friend, 

" William Penn." 

By way of postscript adds, " Direct the enclosed 
letters and seal them. I will pay the messenger." 
He here refers to the following, addressed separately 
to Wm. Darval, Francis Whitewell, John Hillyard, 
Robert Starr and John Briggs, and \\hich, from the 
shortness of the time, now required despatch in their 
delivery : 

" Thes are to desire you to meet me at New Castle, next 
Thursday, (so called,) being ye 2d of November, where 
I shall hold a General Court for the settlement of the 
Jurisdiction of thes and your parts, and in so doing 
you will oblige, 

" Your Loving Friend, 

" Willi A.M Penx." 

And adds, " if, there be any persons of note, or others, 
yt desire to come, they may freely do it, and this 
pray signify." 



LAXDINf! AT NEW CASTLE AND PHILADELPHIA. 69 

Upland, distinguished as the place of Penn's first 
landing in the province, may deserve some further no- 
tice. It was founded by the Swedes, and known by 
this name as early as 1648, and is said to have been so 
called after a province in Sweden on the Gulf of Both- 
nia, but its Indian name was Mecopanaca. Robert 
Wade, a Friend from England, who had suffered there 
for his religion, had settled here as early as 1675, 
when the first Meetings of Friends in the colony were 
held at his house, which was visited the same year by 
William Edmundson, as mentioned in his journal. It 
stood on a beautiful rising ground on the west side of 
Chester Creek, but near its mouth, where he had a 
landing place. At his house, too, the Friends "belong- 
ing to Marcus Hooke and Upland " held their first 
Monthly Meeting the loth of nth Month, 168 1 ; 
which is the date of their earliest records. A court 
had been held in the place for some time, and a prison 
built for offenders. 

No doubt, on landing, Penn proceeded to the house 
of Robert Wade, the hospitable Friend, and attended 
on this day (the 29th was First-day) one of the Meet- 
ings for worship which had now been held here for up- 
wards of seven years. As regards changing the name of 
Upland to Chester, the Proprietary has been rather 
sharply criticised. All this appears to rest on the au- 
thority of Clarkson, in a work, published at London in 
18 1 3, that contains numerous errors. Those who have 



70 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

given especial attention to the matter say that they 
cannot find evidence of any person by the name of 
Pearson being a passenger in the Welcome. This will, 
at least in part, explain that it was not done in " a 
mere whim," by " caprice," or any exhibition of undue 
vanity, and which it is time should, at least, be ques- 
tioned, if not exposed. 

According to notice given, Penn was present at the 
Court held at New Castle on November 2d, being the 
fifth day of the week. There was also in attendance 
his Deputy, Markham, the Mayor, Thomas Holme, 
William Haigue, John Simcock, and Thomas Brazie of 
the Council, and John Moll, John de Haes, William 
Simpell, Arnoldus de la Grange, and John Cann, Jus- 
tices. The proceedings were opened in the name of 
"Our sovereign Lord, King Charles II., etc., and by 
the commissioned appointment of William Penn, Esq., 
Proprietary and Governor of Pennsylvania." At its 
close, Penn stated that if any person had requests or 
petitions to present to him, he desired it done now, for 
an answer at their next meeting. The Court then ad- 
journed till the " First Tuesday of December next." 

It is related on the authority of tradition, that from 
Upland Penn went with several of his friends in an 
open boat or barge to the site of Philadelphia. If this 
was the case, he may have returned from the Court at 
New Castle by land, unless the former mode of con- 
veyance had been used by him the whole distance. 



LANDINCi AT NEW CASTLE AND PHILADELPHIA. /I 

Near a high, bold shore, covered with lofty pines and 
called Coaquannock, they entered Dock creek, a small 
stream, deep at its mouth, with a low, sandy beach, 
where they landed, and the Proprietary and his com- 
panions went on shore near a house then building by 
George Guest on Front Street, and afterwards known 
as the " Blue Anchor Tavern." He was so pleased 
with the conveniences of the spot, that he reserved it 
for a public landing-place in the original city charter. 

The time of his arrival here is thus noted in the 
Minutes of Abington Records: "At a Monthly 
Meeting the 8th of 9th month, 16.S2 : At this time Gov- 
ernor William Penn,and a multitude of Friends arrived 
here, and erected a city called Philadelphia, about half 
a mile from Shackamaxon, where meetings were estab- 
lished. Thomas Fairman at the request of the Gov- 
ernor, removed himself and famil)' to Tacony, where 
there was also a meeting appointed to be kept, and the 
ancient meeting of Sackamaxon removed to Philadel- 
phia, from which meeting, also, other meetings were 
appointed in the province of Pennsylvania." 

The cause of Fairman removing was, that Penn had 
now engaged his house, as we learn from his " bill of 
charges " for 1682, in which he says, " To leaving my 
house in the winter season for the Proprietor's use." 
He also mentions therein several journeys made with 
Penn, and for supplying him with horses. There is 
one for " taking the courses of Schuylkill above the 



72 WM. PEXN IN AxMERICA. 

town," one " to Senew Sickon," one "to Umboleke- 
mensin," and another " to search out a svvanip for the 
Societies tannery." That he was at least nearly two 
years here before Penn's arrival we have certain evi- 
dence from the Marriage Records of Burlington 
Monthly Meeting, wherein it is stated that " Thomas 
Fairman of Shackamaxon on ye river Delaware," was 
married to Elizabsth Kinsey the 24th of loth month, 
1680, at the house of John Woolston in Burlington. 

The aforesaid mention of Philadelphia in the Abing- 
ton Minutes is the earliest known to us of the name, 
and appears not to have been given to it till after the 
arrival of Penn. No doubt it was applied by him 
after that of a city in Lydia, Asia Minor, the seat of 
one of the seven early Christian churches. Its signi- 
fication, brotherly love, coincided with his principles, 
and therefore commended it to his judgment. 

The site of the city had been determined by three 
commissioners, appointed September 30th, 168 1 ; sent 
out in advance of his arrival, and acting under his in- 
structions. No doubt, under their direction, Thomas 
Holme, the surveyor-general, with the assistance of 
Thomas Fairman, had already made some progress in 
laying out the streets, and several buildings may have 
been erected. Afterwards, Penn made several changes 
in the location and names of the streets. It was con- 
templated in the original plan to allow no buildings to 
be erected near the banks of the river, and to have 



LANDING AT NEW CASTLK AM) HIULADELPHIA. 73 

there a broad avenue along the entire length of the 
city. This salutary and beautiful arrangement in time 
was permitted to be infringed, and to this cause can be 
attributed the narrow and irregular streets that discom- 
mode its eastern front. 

As Penn had determined on calling a meeting of 
the Assembly at Upland, now called Chester, on the 
4th of the following month, and to which his presence 
as proprietary and gov^ernor would be required, he 
concluded in the interval to avail himself of a trip to 
New York, in order "to pay his duty to the Duke of 
York in \'isiting his province." At what time he set 
out in this month and the period of his absence is not 
known. Our information respecting the same is 
chiefly derived from a letter dated at Chester, 29th of 
loth month, in which he says, " I have been also at 
New York, Long Island, East Jersey and Maryland ; 
in which I have had good and eminent service for the 
Lord." It seems to have been chiefly made on a 
religious account, visiting Friends' Meetings, and ex- 
tending the circle of his acquaintance. In this journey 
it is likely he proceeded by boat to Burlington, or the 
Falls, thence by horseback overland to New York. 
It may have been then that he fixed upon the site of 
his mansion in Pennsbury Manor, which was on his 
way between Burlington and the P'alls, on the west 
side of the river. 

About this time he must have held his great treaty 



74 ^^'M- PENN IX AMERICA. 

of amity with the Indians, and to which he had refer- 
ence in his letter to them, dated " London, i8th of 8th 
month, 1 68 1," wherein he says, " I shall shortly come 
to you myself, at what time we may more largely and 
freely confer and discourse on these matters;" mean- 
ing the harmony and friendship that should exist be- 
tween them and himself and his people. As stated, he 
had now taken up his abode for awhile at Fairman's 
mansion at Shackamaxon, and it looks as if the jour- 
neys made by him and Fairman on horseback to 
" Senew Sickon" and " Umbolekemensiif," were ex- 
pressly for the purpose of engaging and drawing the 
Indians together in a general council. 

I have faith in the great treaty, held at Shacka- 
maxon under the elm, for the same reasons and au- 
thority that Thomas Holme had read there the Pro- 
prietary's letter through an interpreter in August 
previous.'^' The great belt of wampum, given by the 
Indians to Penn, is another evidence, and which by 
him was ever after highly regarded. This was pre- 
sented to the Historical Society by his great-grandson, 
Granville John Penn, from England, April 13th, 185 i. 
It is composed of eighteen strings of wampum woven 
together into a belt, six inches wide and twenty-six 
inches in length. In the centre is a representation of 
a man with a hat on, holding another by the hand. 
I would ask. What does this signify but amity or 



* See Penn's letter to the Indians in Chapter II. 



LANDING AT NEW CASTLE AND I'HILADELPHIA. 75 

friendship performed in deeds of peace? Such a one 
it is not Hkely would have been given at any purchase 
of lands ; according to the Indian idea it would not 
have been appropriate, and such are my views. On 
this subject the imagination of Clarkson has been so 
extravagant, and a few others, that we do not wonder 
that faith in the great treaty has been impaired. 

The great elm, or Treaty Tree, stood till the year 
1 8 10, when it was blown down. It was 24 feet in 
girth, and believed to be 280 years old, making its age 
at the time of the treat}' 152 years; sufficient to have 
been then a large tree adapted to the purpose. A 
scion of it is growing vigorously, and is now a fair- 
sized tree on the grounds of the Pennsylvania Hos- 
pital. (3n the site of the treaty, the Penn Society 
erected, several years ago, a small monument with 
appropriate inscriptions, in commemoration of the spot. 
Watson, in his Annals, relates that from the time of 
Penn down to the present day, tradition among the 
Indians, as well as the inhabitants of Philadelphia, has 
been uniform in designating the elm tree at Kensing- 
ton as the spot where the great treaty was held ; and 
so confidently was this believed during the Revolution 
that the British General Simcoe, when his troops oc- 
cupied the town, placed a guard around the venerated 
tree to protect it from injury, as, from the need they 
had for fuel, it otherwise might have been destroyed. 

The name Shackamaxon, or, in old records, Sacha- 



76 WM. PENN IX AMERICA. 

maxing, in the Delaware language signifies the Place 
of Kings ; Sakema or Sachem being the name for a 
king or chief From the Penn Papers we learn that 
our distinguished countryman, Benjamin West, was em- 
ployed by the Penn family, in 1773, to paint the 
original historical picture of the treaty of 1682, and for 
which he received ^"420. It was piuxhased by the 
late Joseph Harrison, of Philadelphia, from Granville 
John Penn, in P'ngland, in 185 i, for £500, and may 
now be seen in the City Museum in the State House. 
The Historical Society has, framed, a handsome paint- 
ing of the Treaty Tree, presented by the late Cephas 
G. Child, made from a drawing taken on the spot by 
J. J. Barralet, a few years before it was blown down, 
also showing the regard in which it was held. 

Penn was at Upland on the 28th of 9th month, we 
know from a letter he addressed to Markham, at New 
Castle, and from which we also learn that the JVc/rome 
had just departed on her return to P>ngland. It is 
probable that it has never before been published, hav- 
ing been copied from the original. (2.) 

" Upland, ye 28, Qbr, 1682. 
Cousin Markham. Upon receipt hereof dispatch 
ye Messenger to ye Counties of St. Jones and Whore- 
kills, alias New Deal, with a letter to ye Deputies in 
which inclose }'e inclosed severally. Be sure it is a 
trusty Person that can compass ye business, which 



LANDING AT NEW CASTLE AND PHILADELPHL\. JJ 

done, dispatch hitherto immediately, leaving John Moll 

or Peter Aldricks deputy in the room. If Robert 

Greenway be not past that sd port, I would willingly 

bespeak with him ; having received a letter out of 

Maryland yt concerns Freight of a ship. Pray, let all 

ships clear at New Castle, ye River now being mine, 

in wch be civil to ye Commanders and for this year yt 

nothing be taken of ym. His horse yt brings ye 

bearer is to go with Tho. Hudson to Barbadoes if he 

be there, remember m\^ love to him. Thy Loving frd 

and kinsman, 

" Wm. Penn." 

In this month, as we learn from one of James Clay- 
poole's letters, Nicholas More, President of the Society 
of P'ree Traders, with sixty or se\'enty servants, and 
numerous other passengers, arrived here in only twenty- 
nine days from England. Another ship came about 
the same time, equally fortunate in having so short a 
trip. 



78 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 



CHAPTER VI. 

THE FIRST ASSEMBLY. LIBERTY OF CONSCIENCE. CON- 
FERENCE \YITH LORD BALTIMORE. 

\_Dec. and Jan., 16S2.'] 

From notice given the previous month by the 
Proprietary and Governor to the several Sheriffs to 
summon all freeholders in their respective districts to 
meet and elect from amongst themselves " persons of 
most note for wisdom, sobriety, and integrity, to serve 
as their deputies and representatives in general assem- 
bly, to be held at Upland, Pennsylvania, December 4th 
next, and then and there to consult with him for the 
common good of the inhabitants of that province and 
adjacent counties of New Castle, St. Jones, and Whore- 
kill, alias Deal," and of the result to make him a true 
return. 

Accordingly the several members chosen, duly met 
agreeably to proclamation at the time and place men- 
tioned. From the minutes it is ascertained that 
amongst those present was Christopher Taylor from 
Bucks, Nicholas More from Philadelphia, John Sim- 
cock from Chester, William Clark from Deal, Francis 
Whitwell from Jones's, and the names of Griffith Jones, 



THE FIRST ASSEMllLV. 79 

Luke Watson, William Sample, William Yardley, 
Thomas Brassy, John Briggs, and Ralph Wethers are 
mentioned the first day as being on committees. 
Nicholas More was appointed the following day presi- 
dent of the body. 

On the fourth day of meeting, this first General As- 
sembly of PennsyKania distinguished itself by passing 
the " Great Law," so celebrated for its remarkable 
provision relating to liberty of conscience. The por- 
tions relating thereto we extract : 

" Whereas, the glory of Almighty God, and the 
good of mankind, is the reason and end of govern- 
ment, and therefore government, in itself, is a venerable 
ordinance of God ; and for as much as it is principally 
desired and intended by the proprietary and governor, 
and the freemen of the province of Pennsylvania, and 
territories thereunto belonging, to make and establish 
such laws as shall best preserve true Christians and civil 
liberty, in opposition to all unchristian, licentious, and 
unjust practices, whereby God may have his due, 
Caesar his due, and the people their due from tyranny 
and oppression of the one side, and insolency and 
licentiousness of the other, so that the best and firmest 
foundation may be laid for the present and future hap- 
piness of both the governor and people of this province 
and territories aforesaid, and their posterity. Be it 
therefore enacted, by William Penn, proprietary and 
governor, by and with the advice and consent of the 



8o WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

deputies of the freemen of this province and counties 
aforesaid, in assembly met, and by the authority of the 
same, that these following; chapters and paragraps 
shall be the laws of Pennsylvania and the territories 
thereof 

" Almighty God being only Lord of conscience, 
father of lights and spirits, and the author as well as 
object of all divine knowledge, faith and worship, who 
only can enlighten the mind, and persuade and con- 
vince the understanding of people, in due reverence to 
his sovereignty over the souls of mankind. It is en- 
acted by the authority aforesaid, that no person now 
or at any time hereafter living in the province, who 
shall confess and acknowledge one Almighty God to 
be the Creator, upholder and ruler of the world, 
and that professeth him or herself obliged in con- 
science to live peaceably and justly under the civil 
government, shall in anN'wise be molested or prejudiced 
for his or her concientious persuasion or practice, nor 
shall he or she at any time be compelled to frequent or 
maintain an}- religious worship, or ministry whatever, 
contrary to his or her mind, but shall freely and fully 
enjoy his or her Christian liberty in that respect, with- 
out any interruption or reflection ; and if any person 
shall abuse or deride any other for his or her different 
persuasion and practice in matter of religion, such 
shall be looked upon as a disturber of the peace, and 
be punished accordingly." 



THE FIRST ASSEMBLY. 8 I 

According to the great work done, the legislature was 
to consist of two houses, the members of which were to 
be elected by the freemen of the province. The upper 
house to be composed of three members from each 
county and to be called the " Provincial Council," 
The lower house to be composed of six members from 
each county, " men of most note for their virtue, wis- 
dom and ability." This was Penn's idea of what should 
constitute the qualification essential to a legislator, and 
that it has not been retained in our statutes is a step 
backwards, to be regretted. 

The executive authority was vested in the governor 
and council, who were charged with the execution of 
the laws, the care of the public peace, the establish- 
ment and order of public schools, instituting courts of 
justice, &c., &c. Every freeman of the province was 
to be entitled to a vote, and all the laws relating to 
raising revenue and other purposes to be enacted by 
the representatives of the people. The estates of aliens 
were to descend to their legal representatives like those 
of citizens, and all the settlers had the liberty to fish, 
fowl and hunt, without restriction on their own lands, 
and on all not enclosed. The Proprietary as chief lord 
of the fee or as governor reserved no especial privi- 
leges. These briefly enumerated rights with the liberty 
of conscience allowed was a great step in advance 
over the existing laws of the parent country. 

Among the acts passed, was the following given 

6 



82 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

literally, requiring the year to commence with March 
as the first month : " And be it enacted by the Author- 
ity aforesaid that ye day of ye week and ye months 
of ye year, Shall be called as in Scripture, and not by 
Heathen names, (as are vulgarly used,) as ye first, 
Second and Third dales of ye week, and first. Second 
and Third of ye year, beginning with ye day called Sun- 
day and ye month called March." 

An Act of Union was also passed for annexing and 
uniting the counties of New Castle, Jones's, and 
Whorekill, alias Deal, to the province of Pennsylvania 
and including the naturalization of all foreigners resid- 
ing within the aforesaid counties and province. This 
was probably brought about in justice to the Swedes, 
Finns and Dutch, who, a few days before, had presented 
a petition to Penn requesting that he would be pleased 
to make them as free by the laws as any others, and 
that also their lands may be entailed on them and their 
heirs for ever. The aforesaid was signed by the Gov- 
ernor as done at " Chester alias Upland " on the 7th of 
lOth month 1682. This is the earliest mention found 
in any document of the place being called Chester. 
Clarkson states that the change was made at the time 
of arrival, forty days previously. 

Penn was now to make good what he had promised 
to " the Inhabitants of Pennsylvania ; " in a letter to 
be read to them by his Deputy Markham, dated " Lon- 
don 8th of ye month call'd ApriU, 1681 ; " only thirty- 
four days after he had received his grant. " You shall 



CONFERENCE WITH LORD BALTIMORE. 83 

be governed by the laws of your own making, and live a 
free, and if you will, a sober and industrious people. I 
shall not usurp the right of any, or oppress his per- 
son. God has furnished me with a better resolution, 
and has given me the grace to keep it. In short, 
whatever sober and free men, can reasonably desire for 
the security and improvement of their own happiness, 
I shall heartily comply with." 

The Assembly being over, with his usual activity, 
Penn set out on the i ith for Maryland to meet Lord 
Baltimore for the purpose of entering into a negotia- 
tion respecting the boundaries between the two prov- 
inces. For this purpose he had sent two messengers, 
soon after his arrival, preparatory to a conference with 
the latter. They met at the hospitable mansion of 
Col. Thomas Taylor near West River in Annarun- 
del county on the 19th, the time agreed upon. 
Penn was accompanied by the Council and Lord Bal- 
timore, by a considerable retinue of the principal per- 
sons in his province. The illustrious visitors had a 
spirited debate over the matters in dispute, which con- 
tinued, however, with courtesy and kindness for three 
days without arriving at any satisfactory conclusion. 
Owing to the inclemency of the season, the business 
was deferred with an understanding to meet again in 
the following spring. In a letter to the Lords of 
Plantations, Penn, says his lordship " took occasion by 
his civilities to show him the greatness of his power." 
It is probable that he crossed the Bay on his return. 



84 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

for he attended a religious meeting at the Choptank on 
the Eastern shore, and one or two others in that vi- 
cinity. 

About this time the province had been divided into 
three counties, Philadelphia, Bucks and Chester, and 
the territories into New Castle, Jones and Whorekill 
alias Deal. On the 25th Jones was changed to Kent 
and Deal to Sussex, names they continue to bear, and 
which is rather unusual in so long an interval, all 
three retaining the same boundaries. Penn also 
directed that Cape Henlopen be called Cape James, 
after his kind friend the Duke of York; which was 
afterwards prevented from going into effect by the ac- 
cession of William III, prince of Orange. 

It would appear after Penn's return from Maryland, 
he continued at Chester, where he dated a letter to a 
friend on the 29th, in which he says. — " I bless the 
Lord I am very well, and much satisfied with my 
place and portion ; yet busy having much to do to 
please all, and yet to have an eye to those that are not 
here to please themselves." He also mentions of hav- 
ing " had good and eminent service for the Lord" in 
his late visit to Maryland and elsewhere. Of twenty- 
three ships that arrived in his province none miscar- 
ried, and only two or three of which had the small- 
pox on board. Several had made the passage in 
twenty-eight days, and few longer than six weeks. 
Lord Culpepper sent him a friendly letter on the 23d 
from Green Spring, Virginia, in which he says, " I con- 



CONFERENCE WITH LORD BALTIMORE. 85 

gratulate your arrival into your new dominion, where 
I hope things will answer your expectations, and that 
you may have all success and prosperity therein, are 
the wishes of your affectionate humble servant." 

About this time Penn wrote a letter which has 
neither address or date, probably to the Earl of Clar- 
endon or Sunderland, as " My noble friend " is at the 
beginning. It has been published in the Memoirs 
(vol. IV, p. 177-8) of the Historical Society, from 
which we take the following extract: 

" I thank God I came well in six weeks time, find 
the land good, the air sweet and serene, the provision 
divers and excellent in its kind — beef, mutton, veal, 
pork, all sorts of admirable fowl, good venison, bread, 
butter, beer and cider, not inferior to England, and of 
these things great plenty and cheap. There seems to 
me no want, but of industrious and ingenious people, 
to render these parts at least equal to the best reputed 
places of Europe. I shall have that regard to the 
honour and advantage of the Crown, as well for 
private profit in the guidance and improvement of this 
Plantation, that I hope by God's assistance in seven 
years, to be able to come into the scale against planta- 
tions of forty years standing. God Almighty recom- 
pense to thee thy many kindnesses to me and mine." 

This shows that he entertained a high opinion of the 
country, and full confidence in the prosperity of his 
province. 

James Claypoole, in a letter dated London, 9th of 



86 \VM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

I ith month, 1682, and addressed to his friend, Robert 
Turner, of DubHn, thus alludes to the new colony: 
" As for any news from Pensilvania we have of late 
none but good, there had been twenty-one ships ar- 
rived last summer in Delaware, and the country is very 
well liked for pleasantness by the people. Wm. 
Penn was well and things was like to be settled to con- 
tent and was received with a great deal of love and 
respect and had held a Court in Pensilvania and was 
gone- to hold another at New Castle, and there also 
the people readily subjected to him and there was like 
to be a good understanding and a fair settlement of 
the bounds between Baltimore and him." Again, in 
another letter of the i6th, addressed to his brother, 
Edward Claypoole, he hopefully mentions that "here 
have come letters from Wm. Penn above a month since 
that he was well in health and was settling the coun- 
try and they had begun to build a city which they call 
Philadelphia, and there had been that summer twenty- 
one sail ships arrived there with passengers." This 
confirms the fact that Philadelphia was named here 
and so called at least as early as the beginning of the 
previous month, making it about three weeks later than 
the Abincrton Minutes. 



penn's correspondence. 87 



CHAPTER VII. 

penn's correspondence. EVIL REPORTS CONCERN- 

IN(; HIM. 

\_Ft'briiarv, 16S2.'] 

With his usual activity and industry, when the 
weather was too rigorous to be abroad, Penn engaged 
himself in an extensive correspondence relating to the 
affairs of the province and the interests ot which he 
was so desirous of promoting. The most troublesome 
of all w'as the famous boundary dispute with Lord 
Baltimore. In the latter he had no mean opponent, 
one, perhaps, equally as devoted and zealous for his 
cause. This bone of contention, unfortunately, con- 
tinued down nearly to the Revolution, and the tedious 
litigation involved in it cost the parties a great amount. 
From his letters it is quite probable that previous to 
March loth, Penn had remained most of his time at Ches- 
ter. It was still much the largest place in the province and 
where the greatest conveniences abounded. Philadel- 
phia, the future metropolis, and now one of the great 
cities of the world, had only sprung into being within 
a few months, and must still be wanting in many of the 
comforts that are to be found in longer established com- 
munities. 



05 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

Under date of Chester, 5th of 12th month, 1682, we 
find no less than three letters written by Penn, all of 
considerable length and of more than ordinary interest. 
The want of space compels us reluctantly to make ex- 
tracts. 

" I was very glad," he writes to Lord Culpepper, " to 
hear of thy arrival, not less that there was no need of 
it. Pray stay, and let us be the better for thy coming. 
There is more room for parts with less envy, as well 
as more need of them : and to be happy in solitude, 
is to live of a man's own, and to be less a debtor to 
the contributions of others. I am mightily taken with 
this part of the world : here is a great deal of nature, 
which is to be preferred to base art, and methinks that 
simplicity with enough, is gold to lacker, compared to 
European cunning. I like it so well, that a plentiful 
estate, and a great acquaintance on the other side have 
no charms to remove ; my family being once fixed with 
me, and if no other thing occur, I am like to be an 
adopted American. 

" Our province thrives with people, our next increase 
will be the fruit of their labour. Time, the maturer of 
things below will give thi best account of this coun- 
try. Our heads are dull, what fineness transplantation 
will give, I know not; but our hearts are good and 
our hands are strong. I hear thou intendest a progress 
into Maryland this summer. If this place deserve a 
share of it, all that I can command shall bid thee wel- 
come. I am, thou knowest an unceremonious man ; 



penn's correspondence. 89 

but I profess myself a man of Christian decency, and 
besides, a relation by my wife, whose great grand- 
mother, was thy great-aunt." 

Thomas, the second Lord Culpepper, was one of the 
proprietors of Virginia, and had recently arrived there 
as governor of that colony, and this letter was sent in 
reply to one of December 23d last. 

To Lord Hyde : " My Noble Friend, I humbly take 
this opportunity by a gentleman of Virginia, Colonel 
Hill, to pay my sincere respects, beseeching God to 
remember and retaliate to thee and thine the many 
favours I am indebted to thee. I thank God I am very 
well and the Province thrives. I hope the Crown will 
sensibly receive honour and credit, and profit by it. 
But humanely speaking, it will much depend upon the 
benign influence of thy power and goodness ; and 
there I humbly leave it, as thence in a great measure I 
originally fetched it. 

" In my last per a Maryland conveyance, I sent a 
letter with one to the Duke. The draught of the 
bounds is in my agent's hands, I most humbly pray 
thy favour in its despatch. The planters must resort to 
those two counties. The quitrent is a penny per acre, 
formerly little more than a farthing per acre. I have 
ordered two manors for the Duke, of ten thousand 
acres a piece and intend two more. Their value be- 
sides the quitrent, will be great in a few years. 

" Pray let Pennsylvania furnish the King, the Duke 
and thyself, with beavers and otters for hats and muffs. 



90 \!FM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

I have sent some of each accordingly. 'Tis the heart 
not the gift that gives acceptance." 

Lord Hyde was the second son of the Earl of 
Clarendon, and held high offices under Charles, James 
and Queen Anne. He was esteemed an honorable 
man and regarded as a sincere friend to Penn. 

Among the manuscripts of the Historical Society 
of Pennsylvania, is to be found a copy of an original 
letter of six compact pages, written by Penn at " Chester 
ye 5th, 12 mo. 1682;" and addressed to Jasper 
Yates, who had unfavorably reported him. The Gov- 
ernor here makes a vigorous defence and thrusts at 
him a most withering rebuke. A few lines of this 
letter are given in a Life of Penn with the remark that 
they were " addressed to a friend who had unduly re- 
flected on him." An evident attempt to suppress the 
name. A biographer, like an artist, should not neglect 
the shadows in finishing his picture. 

" The power," remarks Penn, " I have by Patent 
runs thus : That I and my Heirs, with the assent of 
the Freemen or their Deputies from time to time may 
make Laws, so as they be not repugnant to the Allegi- 
ance we owe to the king as Sovereign. This has 
been often flung at us, viz : If you Quakers had it in 
your power, none should have a part in the Govern- 
ment, but those of your own way. On the other 
hand, if all that are freemen may choose or be chosen 
Members of the Provincial Council and General As- 
sembly, and that I and my Heir have only three 



PENN S CORRESPONDENCE. 9 I 

voices in two hundred and seventy-two in case they 
should outnumber us in vote we are gone, and this 
having been hke to be done the last Assembly, in 
chusing of a Speaker. Friends carrying it but by one 
voice, and that through the absence of two of the 
other side that were not Friends. Several of them 
lamented that I have given so much power away as 
I have done. At least, till Truth's interest had been 
better settled, and desire me to accept of it again, 
saying that as GoS so signally cast it into my hand, and 
they believe for a purpose of Glory to his Name, 
and for the good of his People. 

" I am day and night spending my life, my time, 
my money, and am not sixpence enriched by this 
greatness ; costs in getting, settling, transportation and 
maintainance now in a public manner at my own charge 
duly considered, to say nothing of my hazard, and 
the distance I am from a considerable estate, and 
which is more, my dear wife and poor children. If 
Friends here keep to God, and in the justice, mercy, 
equity and fear of the Lord, their enemy will be their 
footstool. If not, their Heirs and my Heirs too will 
loose all, and desolation will follow. 

" No, Jasper, Thy conceit is neither religious, politi- 
cal nor equal, and without high words, I disregard it 
as meddling, intruding and presumptous. So Jasper, 
desiring thou mayest act more righteously, than to 
smite the innocent behind his back and thy suffering 
Brother, too, and that in a wrong matter and upon a 



92 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

false or an impossible ground, I take my leave and 
rest. Thy ancient though grieved Friend." 

Jasper Yates, to whom this reply was made, came 
from Yorkshire, and had received a collegiate educa- 
tion and entered on the profession of the law. We 
learn from Martin's History of Chester that he was 
married to Catharine, daughter of James Sandeland, 
and became an extensive landholder there. He was 
one of the Judges of the Supreme Court from 1705 
to 171 5, and afterwards a member of the Council till 
the time of his death, about 1720. It is said that he 
was very active in having Chester made the seat of 
government, and his failure therein, which it is likely 
occurred at that time, may have been one of the 
causes that led to this difference with Penn. His 
.speculations proved unfortunate. 

Lord Baltimore on the 8th communicated to the 
Marquis of Halifax the account of his late conference 
with Penn respecting the boundaries, and of a previous 
one with Markham. He had also sent another in 
December, immediately after the meeting, in which he 
states that it was held " at the house of Colonel 
Thomas Tailler, in the Ridge, in Ann Arundell Coun- 
ty." Copies of which have been preserved in the 
State Paper Office, London. 

Under date of the 15th of this month, Penn ad- 
dressed a note " For Capt. William Markham, Deputy 
Governor," who, it would appear, was still residing at 
New Castle, in which he says, " Inclosed is an answer 



PEXN S CORRESPONDENCE. 93 

to the Justices below, but remember that the twelve 
must be chosen for the Provincial Council in pursu- 
ance of the writt, and after that, a petition to me that 
3 A, B, C, should be for the Council and the other 9 
for the Assembly, for 4 and 8 will not allow of a yearly 
rotation of }^, as 3 and 9, then the Council will be 18, 
a good number at present, and 54 for the Assembly. 
The 3d Article informs thee in the charter, let all that 
is done be the Act of the people and so it will be 
safe." (2.) 

Although at a considerable distance from his family, 
home and intimate friends, and assiduously engaged 
here in promoting the great objects of his mission, 
namely, founding an asylum for the oppressed or per- 
secuted of all nations ; one would scarce think that 
such a one would be attacked abroad with all the 
power that malice and envy could suggest. The 
difficulties that beset him here, with those that arose in 
the accomplishment of his projects, were sufficient, nay, 
more than sufficient to weary the life of an ordinary 
mortal. Faith in the integrity of his principles alone 
must have sustained him amidst the trials and vicissi- 
tudes of an eventful career. In corroboration, we give 
extracts from a letter by George Hutcheson, dated 
"Sheffield, 17th of 12 mo. '82;" and addressed "To 
my esteemed fifriend William Penn at Buckingham in 
Pensilvania, in America." With this and occasionally 
others we have taken the liberty to modernize the 
phraseology. 



94 WM. PENX IN AMERICA. 

" I can say in truth my heart is made glad and my 
very soul refreshed in the news that of late is come to 
hand, concerning tin* safe arrival with the rest of our 
dear friends in America, and of the joyful reception of 
thee by the inhabitants, and more especially in that I 
understand that blessed power and precious life by 
which we have been quickened and raised up together. 
Methought I was with you in your first meetings after 
thou came to land, and in the court house and in 
measure partook of the joy of the wilderness and of 
that gladness ; that it break forth of the solitary and 
desolate land as also with them who were once in a 
kind of despair, from living to see themselves visited 
by so many of their dear and elder brethern and to 
enjoy their society in those remote parts of the 
world. 

" I have been concerned not a little, to vindicate thy 
reputation from slanderous and malicious tongues who 
had sent it throughout the nation that thou wast dead 
and a Jesuit, or had declared thyself upon thy death 
bed thou wast a Roman Catholic, it was not a few 
combats I had with persons to whom I said I knew thee 
better than to believe such ridiculous stories, or to 
heed them any more than a straw under my foot. 
Since Philip Ford searched and found out the author 
to be Thomas Hicks, of which I was glad, since it must 
have a father that it fell through the just judgment of 
God upon him. I got it at the coffee house where the 
slander had come from in the Gazette, I mean first 



penn's correspondence. 95 

a copy of thy last letter and then the printed paper." 

By Buckingham was probably meant Pennsbury, as 
Bucks county at first was occasionally so called, as may 
be noticed in the Colonial Records. In the following 
month we know meetings for worship were held there 
in the " Governor's house." There can probably be no 
other explanation given for this address. 

To Dr. Smith's History of Delaware county (p. 143) 
we are indebted for the mode of attestation adopted 
for jurors the 2 2d of this month, as entered in the 
Court Records at New Castle. It mentions that the 
following form was to be used in the place of an oath 
as delivered in Court by " ye Honble William Penn, 
vizt;" 

" You solemnly promise in the presence of God and 
this Court that you will justly try and deliver in your 
verdict in all cases depending, that shall be brought 
before you during this session of Court according to 
evidence and the laws of this government to the best 
of your understanding." 

To the popular form he had conscientious scruples, 
hence the change which by his direction must have 
been introduced into all the other courts under the 
jurisdiction of his government. 



96 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

PENN's first meeting in council at PHILADELPHIA. 

— friends' meetings. 

\J\Iarch and April, 7(55^.] 

We now enter into the new year beginning with 
March as the first month, which we have seen the 
Assembly recognized by an Act based on the prevail- 
ing custom of the parent country, and which remained 
in force till abolished by Parliament in 1752. Hence 
at that period the change of old to new style. Histo- 
rians have deemed it best to use the same as they 
stand, as less liable to mistakes, and such are our own 
views from experience. The intelligent reader, there- 
fore, should bear this in mind and a misunderstanding 
prevented. 

The Governor held his first Council in Philadelphia 
on the loth. Amongst those present were William 
Markham, Christopher Taylor, Thomas Holme, Lasse 
Cock, William Biles, James Harrison and John 
Richardson. The Sheriffs of the respective counties 
were present: John Test for Philadelphia, Thomas 
Usher for Chester, Richard Noble for Bucks, Edmund 
Cantwell for New Castle, Peter Bawcomb for Kent, and 
John Vines for Sussex. 



PENNS FIRST COUNCIL IN PHILADELPHIA. 97 

On the 1 2th the Council met again and the Gover- 
nor present. Nicholas More, President of the So- 
ciety of Free Traders, was called before them for 
speaking in a public house against the Governor, Pro- 
vincial Council and Assembly, for which he apolo- 
gized. " However, his discourse being unreasonable 
and imprudent, he was exhorted to prevent the like in 
future." On this day the Assembly likewise met in 
Philadelphia, under a new election. It was agreed in 
conference with the Council on the following day 
" That Twelve makes a Quorum in all business relating 
to the former part of the fifth and sixth articles of the 
Charter." 

The Council on the 14th resolved itself into a Grand 
Committee, Markham acting as Chairman in the 
absence of the Governor on urgent business. Penn 
was present the next day when it was " Ordered that 
John Richardson, one of the Council pay five shillings 
for being disordered in drink and be reproved." We 
presume the reproof was made by Penn, a report 
of which would have been interesting. 

On the 20th, the petition of Nathaniel Allen was 
read, showing he had sold a servant to Henry Bowman 
for £6 Sterling and six hundred pounds of beef, in- 
cluding the hide and tallow, which he delayed to pay, 
and likewise that the said Bowman and Walter Hum- 
phrey had hired a boat of the petitioner for only one 
month, but had kept the same for eighteen weeks to his 

great prejudice. It was ordered that William Clarke, 

7 



98 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

John Simcox, and James Harrison speak to the said 
Bowman concerning the matter. 

Among the Bills proposed for the following day, was 
one that " Hoggs be ringed." The office of Coroner to 
be established in each county and Grand Juries be held 
twice a year. A written message was sent in by the 
Assembly thanking the Governor for his kind speech 
to them the day before, and gratefully embracing his 
offer as to what they desired inserted into the Charter. 

On the 23d, among other things it was " Ordered 
that the seal of Philadelphia be the Anchor; of the 
County of Bucks a Tree and a Vine, of the County of 
Chester, a Plow; of the County of New Castle, a 
Castle ; of the County of Kent, Three Ears of Indian 
Corn ; of the County of Sussex, One Wheat Sheaf; " 
when they adjourned till 4 o'clock in the afternoon. 

During March the Council held its meetings fifteen 
days, adjourning on the 31st till the 2d of the following 
month. Penn was present during the whole session, 
which was held in Philadelphia, and is probably the 
earliest mention of the name to be found in the oflicial 
proceedings of the Proprietar}^ government. 

A second letter was sent to Penn by George Hutch- 
eson, dated from London the i8th of the present 
month, respecting the various evil reports in circulation 
there respecting his character and designs. We may 
well imagine the Governor's feelings on receipt of such 
information ! The whole is nearly given with a slight 
change in the style. 



PENN S FIRST COUNCIL IN PHILADELPHIA. 99 

" Since I came here to assist friends in their voyage 
I still find thy person the butt for the arrows of malice 
to be shot at and thy reputation endeavored to be so 
blasted. I cannot but be free with whom I love and 
desire the welfare of, and signify what men say of them 
as Christ desired knowing the good effects it may pro- 
duce in them that can bear both good and bad report. 
Thou art reflected upon in respect to thy laws or gov- 
ernment, one particularly that is instanced, is the order 
that none shall teach but per order from thee which 
looks like this in England, without license for which 
friends now suffer. 

" I heard thee yesterday reviled upon the wharf by 
the searchers for the Customs, and when I told them 
one tale was good till another was told. One answered 
it was brought by one of our own tribe : I confess I 
heard it the same day from a friend, that some had re- 
flected on him because he would not revile thee at the 
same rate they did for it. There is another thing I 
judge not worth troubling thee about especially at 
present, because I know not the authors shall be silent, 
and may possibly ere long see thy face, who in haste 
remains thy true friend." 

There is no doubt that much the larger proportion 
of the emigrants into the colony since the grant of 
the Royal Charter belonged to the Society of Friends. 
They sought here to enjoy unmolested the principles 
and opinions they held. Chiefly owing to this cause 
there was a continuous increase for a number of years, 



lOO WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

which greatly helped the growth and prosperity of the 
country. Many of those belonged to the middle 
classes, intelligent and of industrious and economical 
habits ; the very kind to lay the foundations for a 
great future commonwealth. Little did they then ex- 
pect as they felled the forests, built humble homes and 
turned the virgin soil, what great natural wealth still 
lay uncovered. 

The following interesting communication in regard 
to the Friends' Meetings at this time in Pennsylvania, 
is taken from a letter dated the 17th of ist month, 
1683, and addressed to their brethern in Great Britain, 
signed by William Penn, S. Jennings, Christ. Taylor, 
James Harrison and others. 

"There is one at Falls, one at the Governor's house, 
one at Colchester riv^er, all in the county of Bucks : 
one at Tawcony, one at Philadelphia, both in that 
county: one at Darby at John Blunston's, one at 
Chester, one at Ridley at J. Simcock's, and one at 
Wm. Ruse's at Chichester, in Cheshire. There be 
three monthly meetings of men and women, for truth's 
service: in the county of Chester one, in the county of 
Philadelphia another, and in the county of Bucks 
another. And we intend a yearly meeting in the third 
month next. Here our care is, as it was in our native 
land, that we may serve the Lord's truth and people." 

The Governor's house was undoubtedly at Penns- 
bury ; by Colchester river the Neshaminy or Middle- 
town meeting is meant, which was then in existence, 



PENNS FIRST COUNCIL IN PHILADELPHIA. lOI 

and Cheshire was strangely substituted for Chester 
county. Of these nine meetings, the number I infer, 
six must have been estabhshed since the arrival of 
Penn, that is within a period of less than five months, 
showing in so short a time an extraordinary increase. 
Chiefly brought about by the unceasing exertions of 
the Proprietary. This was far more than had been 
previously done by the Dutch, Swedes and English, 
within the same limits in the rule of half a century. 

The Governor and Council met again in Philadel- 
phia on the 2d of 2d month. The Charter of the 
Province was read in the evening and signed, sealed 
and delivered by the Proprietary for the inhabitants to 
James Harrison and the Speaker, who were ordered 
to return the former one with the unanimous thanks 
of the House. The Council continued in session on 
the 3d and 4th, when they adjourned till the 2d of 3d 
month. 



I02 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 



CHAPTER IX. 

ANOTHER MEETING WITH LORD BALTIMORE. PUR- 
CHASES FROM THE INDIANS. 
[Afaj/ and June, /d<?j.] 

The next Council held by Penn was at Lewis in 
Sussex county on the 2ci of jd month. He informed 
the members that he had made choice of Nicholas 
More to be secretary, who took the place accordingly- 
After the business had been gone through with, they 
adjourned till the 23d, when they met in Philadelphia, 
and continued in session the following day. 

On the 20th, a letter was sent by Ephraim Herman 
to Penn from New Castle, in which he says, " Last 
night came here from the head of the Bay the Somer- 
set county pork merchant, who sold your honor the 
pork some six weeks ago, who brings certain intelli- 
gence that the Lords Culpepper and Baltimore, have 
designed to be this day at Captain Wards, and to- 
morrow or Wednesday hither with a great number of 
attendants, of which I thought it my duty to acquaint 
your honor." 

A few days later Penn received the following letter 
from Lord Baltimore announcing his coming: 

" Most Honorable Friend. — Being come this day to 



MEETING WITH LORD BALTIMORE. IO3 

Sassafras River, and resolving to-morrow to be at the 
head of the Elk, I remembered my promise to you in 
my letter of the 28th of the last month; and now send 
one of my secretaries and kinsmen, Mr. John Darnal 
with this salute. Assuring you, that I should wil- 
lingly carry it myself, had you thought a visit from me 
convenient : but being sensible, that you have desired 
none may pass until we have a private conference. I 
shall wait at the head of my Bay, expecting the favor 
you premised me by that letter you sent me by your 
servant ; hoping that I have no wise failed in point of 
time, nor in any other respect due to you from Sir 
" Your affectionate friend to serve you, 

"C. Baltimore. 
From Mr. James Frisby's on Sassafras River, 23d 
of May, 1683. 

Addressed " For my Hond. friend William Penn, 
Esq. at Philadelphia, Pensilvania." (i.) 

In regard to this meeting and the business connected 
therewith, Penn gives the following interesting ac- 
count: 

"When the spring came I sent an express to pray 
the time and place, when and where I should meet him, 
to effect the business, we adjourned at that time. I 
followed close upon the messenger, that no time might 
be lost. But the expectation, he twice had, of the 
Lord Culpepper's visit, disappointed any meeting on 
our affairs, till the month called May ; he then sent 
three g-entlemen to let me know, he would meet me at 



104 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

the head of the bay of Chesapeake ; I was then in 
treaty with the kings of the natives for land ; but three 
days after we met ten miles from New Castle, which is 
thirty from the bay. I invited him to the town, where 
having entertained him, as well as the town could 
afford, on so little notice, and iinding him only desirous 
of speaking with me privately, I pressed that we might, 
at our distinct lodgings, sit severally with our councils, 
and treat by way of written memorials ; which would 
prevent the mistakes, or abuses, that may follow from 
ill designs, or ill memory ; but he avoided it, saying, 
' He was not well, and the weather sultry, and would 
return with what speed he could, reserving any other 
treaty to another season.' — Thus we parted, at that 
time. I had been before told by divers, that Lord 
Baltimore had issued forth a proclamation, to invite 
people, by lower prices, and greater quantities of land, 
to plant in the lower counties; in which the Duke's 
goodness had interested me, as an inseparable benefit 
to this whole province." 

From a letter by Lord Baltimore, dated June i ith, 
to Mr. Blathwayte in London, we learn that the afore- 
said private conference at New Castle took place on 
the 29th. 

Among the many interesting incidents connected 
with Penn's residence in America, the following is of 
too curious a nature to let pass by, and does honor to 
his generosity. The first child born of English par- 
ents in Philadelphia was John Key, who first saw the 



MEETING WITH LORD BALTIMORE. IO5 

light in a cave near the foot of Sassafras, now better 
known as Race street. For this distinction the Gov- 
ernor presented him with a warrant the 26th of 3d 
month, 1683, for a lot of ground, 49^ feet front and 
306 feet deep, on the south side of Sassafras street, 
west of Fourth. Mention is made therein as " granted 
unto John Key, then an infant, being ye first born in ye 
city of Philadelphia." He received his patent for it 
in 171 3, and afterwards sold it and removed to Ken- 
net in Chester county, where he died in 1767, at the 
advanced age of 85 years. 

Meetings of the Council were held by the Governor 
in Philadelphia, on the 6th, 8th, 9th, i ith, 20th and 
26th of 4th month, but nothing of special interest ap- 
pears to have been transacted. The principal object 
in making such statements, is to show as far as can 
be ascertained the Proprietary's daily movements. At- 
tention to this has enabled us to correct several mis- 
statements. 

Christopher Taylor, James Harrison, Thomas Holme 
and Thomas Winne were appointed by Penn, Commis- 
sioners to treat with West Jersey, " concerning the 
satisfaction I have demanded in a letter to the said 
Governor and Council for certain great wrongs and in- 
justice done unto me and this province by some of the 
inhabitants of their colony. As also to settle a right 
understanding between me and them about the trade 
and the islands therein and whatsoever you shall do 
herein, I do hereby ratify and confirm and this shall 



I06 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

be to you a sufficient credential. Giv^en at Philadel- 
phia the I ith of the 4th month, the 35th year of the 
reign of the King, and the third of my Govern- 
ment." 

To the aforesaid he gave written instructions, in 
which he says, " So soon as you shall arrive in 
Burlington, take care to make known to the Gov- 
ernor and Council, That you are sent in my name, 
to treat with them about some provincial business, 
and therefore desire a time that you may be heard." 
He had sent the same day a letter to the Governor of 
that province about the aforesaid grievances, a copy of 
which is in the State Paper Office, London. 

About the 26th of the previous month, Penn states 
that he was in treaty with several Indian kings for 
land, with what result is explained in the following 
grants : 

Tamanen on the 23d of this month (June) conveys 
to the Proprietary all his lands lying between the 
Pennepack and Neshaminy creeks for a consideration. 
Essepenaike and Swanpees the same day grant all 
their rights to the lands situated between the aforesaid 
streams, and extending backwards from the same two 
days journey with a horse, and is further confirmed by 
Tamanen and Metamequan. On the 25th, Winge- 
bone disposes of all his lands lying on the west side of 
Schuylkill, beginning at the first falls, thence all along 
upon said river and backwards of the same as far as 
his rieht gfoes. 



PURCHASES FROM THE INDIANS. IO7 

In an address prepared by James Logan and de- 
livered to Sassoonan, alias Allumapees, in Philadelphia, 
August 13, 1 73 I, mention is made of an answer by 
the former, in which he says that he understands every 
word that was said, and remembers when William Penn 
went up to Perkasie to meet the Indians there, and that 
Tamany, Menangetand Hetkoquean were present, (i.) 
As Perkasie is situated on the west branch of the 
Neshaminy, it is very probable that on this occasion 
the purchases relating to the aforesaid conveyances 
were made, and the same to which Penn referred when 
speaking about his business- with Lord Baltimore. In 
further confirmation, these purchases are the earliest 
known to have been made by him with the Indians for 
lands. The originals of these deeds may be seen in 
the office of the Secretary of State at Harrisburg. 
Tamanen's or Taminy's signature is a rude representa- 
tion of a rattlesnake. A receipt and an endorsement 
on them appears to be in the Governor's handwriting 

On the 24th, Lord Baltimore sent a lengthy letter 
to Penn in reference to the boundaries, the contents 
being equivalent to about eight pages of foolscap. It 
is dated " Mattapany," and styles him " My most 
Hon'd friend." A few extracts are selected, (i.) 

" I am, therefore, in a most particular manner, 
obliged to you for the kindness expressed by your last 
letters of the 6th, and 9th instant, which came to my 
hands yesterday at Port Tobacco in Charles county ; 
some sixty miles from Patuxent, where I am now 



I08 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

newly come, chiefly to return you my answer, and 
very affectionately to acknowledge your expressions of 
respects and friendship to me, for which I will ever be 
your debtor. In the next place I cannot but signify 
my trouble to understand by one of yours, that mine 
of the 31st ultimo came not to your hands till the 6th 
instant, which must be a supine neglect in John Thom- 
son, Clerk of Cecil county to whom I gave that letter 
the same day it was written with strict charge, and 
command the messenger to deliver it the next day to 
your cousin Capt. Markham, which if he did not, he 
shall be severely reprehended for his contempt and 
carelessness therein, 

" In your letter of the 6th instant you put me in 
mind of the obligations you know I lie under. First 
for the honor and favor you afforded me in despatching 
your secretary with two other gentlemen to acquaint 
me with your arrival and with the assurance of your 
respect and friendship, and secondly for the long and 
unpleasant journey you took in a cold season in order 
to give me further pledges of a friendly agreement and 
neighborhood. As I was highly sensible of your re- 
spect, kindness, and friendship therein." 

A court was held at Chester for said county on the 
27th, at which, as the records inform us, " William 
Penn, Esqr. Proprietary and Governor " presided. 
That a Governor should act in the official capacity of a 
Judge in the trial of cases appears at this day strange. 
It was a feudal prerogative from the parent country, and 
in the hands of tyrants a power liable to gross abuse. 



MORE INDIAN PURCHASES. IO9 



CHAPTER X. 

MORE INDIAN PURCHASES. PENNSBURY. FURTHER 

ACCOUNTS OF THE PROVINCE. 

[>//, t68j.-\ 

After holding a Council at Philadelphia on the 4th 
of 5th month, we can find nothing of interest concern- 
ing Penn till the 14th, when a grant was made for a 
purchase of lands from Secane and Idquoquehan, 
" Indian shackamakers," for all the lands lying be- 
tween Maniaunk or Schuylkill river and Macapanakhan 
or Chester creek, beginning on the west side Schuyl- 
kill at a hill called Conshohocken, and from thence by 
a westerly line to the said Macapanakhan creek. At 
the same time Neneshickon, Malebore, Neshanocke and 
Oscrenean dispose of their rights to all the lands 
between the said Schuylkill river and Pennypack creek, 
and as far north as the hill called Conshokocken 
The aforesaid is now better known as Edge Hill, being 
a long narrow ridge of primal white sandstone crossing 
the Delaware at Trenton, and running south-westerly 
into Maryland. It is chiefly remarkable for being the 
first elevation of any length above tide water, and for 
the purpose mentioned, served as a prominent natural 
boundary. 



no WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

From Philadelphia on the i 8th Penn sent a draft of 
his proclamation to London, in relation to the lands of 
Thomas Mathews of Burlington, a copy of which is in 
the State Paper Office. This no doubt has reference 
to the matter on which he appointed four Commis- 
sioners on the iith of last month, to treat with the 
Governor of New Jersey " for certain great wrongs and 
injustice done unto me and the province about the 
trade and the islands therein." 

In this month the Proprietary issued an order for 
the establishment of a post-office, and granted Henry 
Waldy, of Tacony, authority to hold one, and also to 
supply passengers with horses from Philadelphia to the 
Falls and New Castle. The rates of postage on letters 
from the Falls to the city was three pence ; to Chester, 
five pence, and to New Castle, seven pence. It went 
only once a week ; and it was Phineas Pemberton's 
duty to put up a notice to this effect at the most pub- 
lic places, and on the doors of the private houses 
where the meetings were then held. 

Phineas Pemberton, just mentioned, arrived here 
shortly after Penn, and so well and favorably known 
in the early annals of Bucks, was commissioned the 
first Clerk of the Court as the following, copied from 
the records, bears testimony : 

"William Penn, Proprietary and Governor of the 
Province of Pennsylvania and the Territories thereunto 
belonging. To Phineas Pemberton greeting : Repos- 
ing confidence in thv integrity and ability, I do here- 



PENNSBURV. I I I 

by constitute and appoint thee Clark of the Court of 
the County of Bucks, to act in the same employment 
with all diligence, faithfulness and according to law ; 
and to receive the fees due as by law directed. This 
Commission to be of force as long as thou shalt well 
behave thyself therein. Given at Pennsbury the 21st 
of 5th month, 1683. 

Wm. Penn." 

In the aforesaid we have the earliest mention of 
Pennsbury, and estabhshes the fact that Penn was 
residing there at this time — during the heated term in 
the midst of summer. Mention was made of the 
Friends holding meetings here at the " Governor's 
house," before the middle of First month last, over 
five months previous. In consequence, it becomes us 
now to say something respecting its earlier history. 
From Lindstrom's map of New Sweden in 1654, we 
find the stream here called " Sapaessing," which name 
was also applied to the country in the vicinity, as we 
learn from the Albany records of 1672. It is an 
Indian name, and is said to signify "a place of plums," 
from the abundance of this kind of fruit found grow- 
ing here. The name was also applied to the island 
above the place, now generally known as Biddle's 
island. 

Deputy Governor Markham purchased for Penn, 
August 1st, 1682, at the house of Capt. Lasse Cock, 



112 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

at Upland, of several Indian chiefs, among other ex- 
tensive tracts " ye land called Soepassincks, and ye 
island of ye same name." This manor originally con- 
tained 8,43 1 acres, fronting on the Delaware for 
several miles. The soil was fertile, and from accounts 
was one of the heaviest timbered tracts in the county. 
Here, by the margin of the Delaware, Penn had his 
mansion erected in the years 1682-83, ^"^ it is said 
under the direction of his relative Markham, at a cost 
of;^7,ooo, which at that day was certainly a large sum. 
For its better construction a considerable quantity of 
the most finished and ornamental materials had been 
brought from England. Here he afterwards resided 
for a time with his family, and held treaties with the 
Indians and religious meetings. 

That he had an attachment to a rural life is exhib- 
ited in the following extract from the parting address to 
his wife on the eve of embarkation to America : " Let 
my children be husbandmen and housewifes. This 
leads to consider the works of God and nature, and 
diverts the mind from being taken up with the vain 
arts and inventions of a luxurious world. Of cities 
and towns, of concourse beware. The world is apt 
to stick close to those who have lived and got wealth 
there. A country life and estate I like best for my 
children." That he was fond of calling places after 
the several members of his family, Pennsbury, Wil- 
liamstadt, Springettsbury, Callowhill, Gilberts and 
others sufficiently attest. 



FURTHER ACCOUNTS OF THE PROVINCE. II3 

During this month Penn sent four letters with his 
agent Capt. Markham to England, all of great interest; 
containing considerable information respecting the 
colony, the Indians, the natural productions of the 
country and the progress made in improvements, etc. 
The prime object, however, of these, it would appear, 
was to secure influence from those in power, and be of 
assistance to him in his claims against Lord Baltimore 
respecting the boundaries between the two provinces. 

The following, dated Philadelphia, the 24th of 5th 
month, 1683, "For Colonel Henry Sidney, in Leiches- 
terfield," who was the third son of the Earl of Leicester, 
brother to the celebrated Algernon Sidney, and an 
uncle of Lord Sunderland. For the active part he 
took in the Revolution of 1688, was created by Wil- 
liam and Mary, P2arl of Romney. To Penn he con- 
tinued a sincere and lasting friend. Nearly the whole 
of this interesting letter is here given : 

" The great parts of friendship are love, truth, and 
constancy, and from the time it pleased thee to receive 
mine, it hath not wandered in any one respect, but I 
still love and honour thee, and would be glad I could 
be of any service to thee ; at this distance, to be sure 
I cannot, but neither can distance wear out the impres- 
sions a long and kind acquaintance hath made upon 
my mind. 'Tis with this familiar talk I begin to 
entertain thee, though a great man, now in the govern- 
ment, and long deserving to hav^e been so in thyself, 

8 



I 14 WM. PENN IX AMERICA. 

nor shall I ask any excuse for this freedom with a 
person whose good nature will not be offended, and 
whose good sense loveth little ceremony in writing. 

" I hav^e been here about nine months, and have had 
my health, I thank God very well ; I find the country 
wholesome, land, air, and water good, divers good sorts 
of wood and fruits that grow wild, of which plums, 
peaches and grapes are three; also cedar, chestnut and 
black walnut and poplar, with five sorts of oak, black 
and white, Spanish, red and swamp oak the most 
durable of all, the leaf like the English willow. 

" We have laid out a town a mile long, and two 
miles deep. On each side of the town runs a navigable 
river, the least as broad as the Thames at Woolwich, 
the other about a mile over. I think we have near 
about eighty houses built, and about three hundred 
farmers settled around the town. I fancy it already 
pleasanter than the Weald of Kent, our being clearer, 
and the country not much closer; a coach might be 
driven twenty miles end-ways. We have had fifty sail 
of ships and small vessels, since the last summer in 
our river, which shows a good beginning. And I 
hope God will prosper our honest care and industry, 
yet a friend at Court is a good thing ; and I flatter 
myself to believe, I shall never want one while thou 
art there. Wherefore give me leave to recommend the 
bearer, my agent and kinsman, Captain William Mark- 
ham, to thy favour and power. 

" I hear the Lord Sunderland is Secretary of State 



FURTHER ACCOUNTS OF THE PROVIN'CE. II5 

again; I also remember his kind promises, and the 
mighty influences thou deservedly hast upon him; 
pray use it in my affair, that only I and my family, but 
the province may owe a singular acknowledgement to 
thy kindness. That, in which I so earnestly solicit thy 
assistance, he will better communicate than I can write 
it ; and I would not make my letter troublesome. The 
business is just, and honourable, and prudent for the 
Crown to hear me in, and that I hope will make it 
easie to my noble friends to favour me. I have written 
to the Lord Sunderland about it, for it belongs to his 
station, and since no man can better welcome it to him 
than myself, let me throw myself upon thee, and by 
both thy introduction of him and countenance of the 
business of the Lord. God will reward thee, and we 
here shall rest the debtors of thy goodness, with much 
thankfulness. 

" I have only to ask pardon for a poor present I send, 
of the growth of our country. Remember the offer- 
ings of old were valued by the hearts of them that 
made them ; which gives me assurance it will be ac- 
cepted. I hear little news, and am not very careful of 
it ; but a line of thy health, and success of thy affairs 
will be very pleasant : nobody interesting himself with 
more affection and sincerity in thy prosperity than thy 
very faithful friend." 

In the aforesaid, Penn remarks he had written a 
letter at sea soliciting a few fruit trees raised by Lord 
Sunderland's gardener, with a view of giving them a 



I 1 6 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

trial as to the success and quality of what may be pro- 
duced here. The willow or peach oak is somewhat of 
a rare tree in Pennsylvania, but is still found in the low 
grounds of Pennsbury manor. 

" To the Lord Keeper North, My Noble Friend," he 
writes at the same time, in which he says, " It hath 
been sometimes a c|uestion with me whether writing or 
silence would be more excusable, for it is an unhap- 
piness incident of great men to be troubled with 
the prospects of those their power and goodness 
oblige, but because I had rather want excuse for 
this freedom than be wanting of gratitude to my bene- 
factor, I determined to render my most humble thanks 
for the many favours I received at the Lord North's 
hand, in the passing and great dispatch of my patent. 

" I thank God I am safely arrived, and twenty-two 
sail more ; the air proveth sweet and good, the land 
fertile, and springs many and pleasant. We are one 
hundred and thirty miles from the main sea, and forty 
miles up the freshes. The town plat is a mile long and 
two miles deep ; on each side of the town runs a navi- 
gable river, the least as broad as the Thames at Wool- 
wich, the other above a mile, and I suppose above three 
hundred farms settled as contigiously as may be. We 
have had since last summer about sixty sail of great 
and small shipping, which we esteem a good beginning ; 
a fair we have had, and weekly market, to which the 
ancient lowly inhabitants come to sell their produce to 
their profit and our accommodation. 



FURTHER ACCOUNTS OF THE PROVINCE. \\J 

" I have also bought land of the natives, treated them 
largely, and settled a firm and advantageous corres- 
pondency with them ; who are a careless, merry people, 
yet in property strict with us, though as kind as can 
be among themselves ; in council so deliberate, in 
speech short, grave and eloquent, young and old in 
their several class, that I have never seen in Europe 
anything more wise, cautious or dexterous 'tis as ad- 
mirable to me as it may look incredible on that side 
of the water. 

" I have only to add, that it would please the Lord 
North, to smile favourably upon us, a plantation so well 
regulated for the benefit of the crown, and so improv- 
ing and hopeful by the industry of the people, that 
since stewards used to follow such enterprises in ancient 
times at least encouragement and countenance might be 
yielded us, whose aims shall in everything be bounded 
with a just regard to the King's service ; and we think 
we may reasonably hope, that England being the mar- 
ket both of our wants and industry in great measure, 
there is interest as well as goodness of our side. 

" I have pardon to ask for a poor present I make by 
the hands of the bearer my agent and kinsman Capt. 
Markham ; all I have to say is this ; 'tis our country 
produce, and that of old time offerings were valued by 
the heart that made them. I end with a congratulation 
of the honour the King hath joined to thy great merit, 
and my sincere and most affectionate wishes for thy 
prosperity ; being one of those many, whom thy good- 



I I 8 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

ness hath obHged to own and approve, as I really am, 
thy very sensible, thankful friend." 

The following, published in the Memoirs of the His- 
torical Society of Pennsylvania (vol. II. pp. 243-7), 
was addressed to the Earl of Sunderland, and is dated 
on the 28th, from which we give several extracts : 

" I had rather need an excuse than be wanting of 
gratitude to my noble benefactors of which the Lord 
Sunderland was one of the first, in the business of my 
American country. I am now in a station, where my 
own weakness or my neighbour's envy may happen to 
hurt my honest interest and the good work I have in 
my eye. Please to take me and my poor feeble con- 
cerns into thy protection, and give us thy smiles and 
countenance ; and I will venture to say ; that by the 
help of God and such noble Friends I will show a 
province in seven years equal to her neighbours of 
forty years planting. 

" I have laid out the Province into counties, six are 
begun to be seated, they lie on the great river and are 
planted about six miles back. The town plat is a mile 
long and two deep — has a navigable river on each side, 
the least as broad as the Thames at Woolwich, from 
three to eight fathom water. There is built about 
eighty houses, and I have settled at least three hun- 
dred farms contigious to it. We have had with pas- 
sengers twenty-three ships, and trading forty great and 
small since last summer, not amiss for one year. Here is 
a hickory nut tree, mighty large, and more tough than 



FURTHER ACCOUNTS OF THE PROVIN'CE. II9 

our ash, the finest white and flaming fire I have ever 
seen. I have had better venison, bigger, more tender, 
and as fat as in England. Turkeys of the wood, I had 
of fort}" and fifty pounds weight. Fish in abundance 
hereaways yet as I hear of, but oysters, that are 
monstrous for bigness, though there be a lesser sort. 

" The Indians are an extraordinary people had not 
the Dutch, Swedes and English learned them drunken- 
ness (in which condition, they kill or burn one another) 
they had been very tractable, but rum is so dear to 
them, that for six penny worth, one may buy that fur 
from them, that five shillings, in an\' other community 
shall not purchase. Yet many of the old men, and 
some of the young people will not touch such spirits ; 
and because in those fits they mischief both themselves 
and our folks too, I have forbid to sell them any. 
Pardon my noble Friend this length, I thought it my 
duty to give an account of the place to one whose 
favour had helped to make it mine, and who was 
pleased more than once to discourse on the settlement 
of it. I have only to recommend the bearer my kins- 
man, Capt. Markham, and to pray access in my affairs, 
yet not fully fixt, by the unkindness of my neighbour, 
the Lord Baltimore." 

The letter to Henry Savill was also written in 
Philadelphia and dated the 30th, and may be seen in 
full in the Pennsylvania Archives, vol. I. pp. 68-9. 

" My Worthy Friend," he writes, " Permit a man 
that has not troubled thee a lonu" time to do it now a 



I20 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

little with the news of this new world that by it at least 
I may continue and preserve my claims to an old and 
very obliging acquaintance. I thank God I am come 
well to America and what is more, like it well but that 
is no news. The land is good, sand and loam some- 
times strong, the air serene as in Languedoc,the waters 
cool and sweet. One gteat navigable river the eastern 
bounds of our Province and three or four smaller, 
running into that, the woods yield us cypress, cedar, 
black walnut, sassafras, oak white, black, red, Spanish, 
chestnut and swamp, the hardest and most lasting pop- 
lar, the best in the world, I have here a canoe of one 
tree that fetches four ton of bricks also ash and many 
that in England we have not. The woods also yield 
us grapes, plums, peaches, strawberries and chestnuts 
in abundance. 

" I have laid out a town, a mile long and two deep, 
on each side of which is a navigable river ye least of 
which is as broad as ye Thames at Woolwich, as I re- 
member, from three to eight fathom. The winter is 
sometimes three months usually but two, one in three 
years sharp, I suppose we have eighty houses in our 
town and about three hundred farmers near it to help 
us with provisions and the merchants and mechanics to 
accommodate them with goods. 

"The natives are proper and shapely, very swift, 
their language lofty. They speak little, but fervently 
and with elegancy, I have never seen more natural 
sagacity, considering them without the help I was 



FURTHER ACCOUNTS OF THE PROVINCE. 12 1 

going to say the spoil of tradition. The worst is that 
they are the worse for the Christians who have prop- 
agated their views and yielded them tradition for the 
worst and not for the better things. They believe in 
a Deity and immortality without the help of metaphis- 
ics and some of them admirably sober, though the 
Dutch, Swedes and English have by brandy and rum 
almost debaucht them all and when drunk the most 
wretched of spectacles, of burning and sometimes 
murdering one another, at which times the Christians 
are not without danger as well as fear. Though for 
gain they will run the hazard both of that and the law. 
They make their worship to consist of two parts, sac- 
rifices which they offer of their first fruits with mar- 
velous fervency and labour of body sweating as if in 
a bath. The other is their canticoes as they call them 
which is performed by round dances, sometimes words, 
then songs, then shouts being in the middle that begin 
and direct the chorus this they perform with equal 
fervency but great appearance of joy. 

" In this I admire them, nobody shall want what 
another has, yet they have propriety, but freely com- 
municable, they want or care for little, no bills of ex- 
change, nor bills of lading, no chancery suits nor ex- 
checiuer accounts have they to perplex themselves with, 
they are soon satisfied and their pleasure feeds them, I 
mean hunting and fishing. I have made two pur- 
chases, and have had two presents of land from them. 

" Things here go on very prosperously, and with 



122 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

God's help and the Kings and my noble Friend's fa- 
vour I doubt not in seven years to equal plantations 
forty years older, as in a town (the life of a province) I 
hav^e already outdone some. I do earnestly recommend 
the bearer Capt. Markham my kinsman, an ingenious 
person and my agent at Court for the completing of 
my affairs. Pray give him access and measures, favour 
our beginnings and let not this distance rob me of the 
continuance of thy favour and friendship." 

These several letters do Penn infinite credit, and show 
him to have been a careful observer of the habits of 
the natives, the productions of the soil, and of the 
growth and progress of the province, as well as 
its adaptations and capabilities. In correspondence he 
certainly possessed a ready pen, and few can be found 
of that day treating on kindred subjects that can ap- 
proach them in style and information. 

About this time Penn appears to have had consid- 
erable anxiety concerning his relations with Lord 
Baltimore, and which, as we see, induced him to dis- 
patch Captain Markham as his agent to England. In 
a letter to John Tucker on the 29th, he says, " My 
difficulties have been many, and are continued by the 
backwardness of Lord Baltimore to comply with the 
King's letter." Two days later he wrote to Col. 
Thomas Taylor, of Annarundel county, at whose house 
the conference had been held in December last. " I 
had his promise at the same time, and treated him at 
the Georee and Vulture for that verv reason where he 



FURTHER ACCOUNTS OF THE PROVINCE. 1 23 

challenged with me to have spoken so, but hath not 
performed Again, I finding this place necessary to 
my province, and that the presence of the Lord Balti- 
more was against law civil and common, I endeavored 
to get it, and have it, and will keep it if I can. But 
the Proprietor is good or bad a charging ; for he 
charges my suppositions as concessions : If thou hast 
a title to the lower counties, they are not the farther 
off, because I have them ; and the 40th degree of 
North Latitude be higher than common fame giveth it, 
what wilt thou let me have it at per mile, and so pro 
rata, and I will waive the King's letter." 

A communication was sent to his " Esteemed 
Friend," Philemon Lloyd at Choptank, in Maryland, 
dated from Philadelphia, on the 31st. It is lengthy 
and treats chiefly on religious matters. Having heard 
that he was recovering after considerable sickness, and 
expresses the desire that he may soon be well again. 
From the friendliness exhibited therein by Penn, it is 
very probable that he was entertained by him, and at- 
tended religious worship when on his return from West 
River. 



124. ^^''^^- PEXX IN AMERICA. 



CHAPTER XI. 

EXERTIONS OF PENN OX THE BOUNDARY QUESTION. 

WRITES A PAMPHLET ON THE PROVINCE. 

ARRIVAL OF PASTORIUS. 

{August, 1 683:] 

The Governor held a Council in Philadelphia, on 
the 1st of 6th month, Nicholas More, the Secretary, 
being present. Among other matters, " That 'tis 
thought fit the care of Magistrates, that due provision 
be made for the sustenance of the people, and though 
our provisions are but small, yet that there may be 
care taken every one may partake." Another meeting 
was held on the i6th, when they adjourned till the 
29th. On the latter day, " The Governor put the 
question whether a proclamation were not convenient 
to be put forth to impower Masters to chastise their 
servants, and to punish any that shall inveigle any 
servant to go from his Master." The minutes state 
that this was unanimously agreed upon, " and ordered 
it accordingly." 

Among the papers that Penn prepared in his defence 
to send to England, was a statement made out on the 
9th of this month, that at the Conference held at Col. 



THE BOUNDARY QUESTION. I 25 

Taylor's in Maryland, in loth month last, in reply to 
his arguments about two degrees being only granted 
to Lord Baltimore, Chancellor Charles Calvert had 
said, " Sir, to show you that the patent was not to 
begin by degrees, my father had a grant of more of 
Virginia then than now my nephew enjoyeth, but that 
the patent giving only unplanted land, he was advised 
to let it fall least he forfeited the whole." 

A few days before Markham's embarkation, Penn 
prepared a letter to be presented to the King, Charles 
II. A copy was made by J. R. Coates, h^sq., from the 
original in London, which was published in 1827, in 
the Memoirs (vol. II. pp. 241-3) of the Historical 
Society of Pennsylvania. For our purpose it is too 
lengthy, and therefore give only the following extracts: 
" Great and Gracious Prince. 

"It is a barren soil that yields no returns to the dew 
that feeds it, and they are mean and ungrateful minds 
that are oblivious of the favours they receive. I would 
fain excuse this freedom, if I were not bound to use 
it, for being destitute of better ways, gratitude makes 
it necessary to me, and necessity is a solicitor that takes 
no denial. Let the King then graciously please to 
accept my most humble thanks for his many royal 
favours, conferred upon me, more especially this of 
Pennsylvania. I only lament myself, in a way suitable 
to the sense I have of the great obligations I lie 
under. * * * * 

" Give me leave next, to say, so soon as I was 



126 WM. PENN IX AMERICA. 

arrived and made any settlement of this Province ; I 
thought it my duty to wait upon the King by some 
person of the Province, in condition of an Agent 
extraordinary, which is the bearer my kinsman Mark- 
ham, formerly deputy in this Government, and though 
this would not look wholy free of vanity, considering 
my late private capacity, yet I take it to be the duty 
of those persons whom the goodness of the Kings of 
England hath at any time clothed with extraordinary 
powers in these parts of the world, to show their 
deference to the Imperial Majesty they are tributary 
to, and their dependence upon it, by the mission and 
attendance of Agents in their names at the Court I 
have only now. Great Prince, to pray pardon and 
acceptance for a poor present of country produce, and 
that it would graciously please the King to take me 
still into his favour, his young Province into his pro- 
tection ; and God, the bountiful rewarder of good and 
gracious acts, retaliate them both with temporal and 
eternal glory. I am with reverence and truth Great 
and Gracious Prince thy most thankful, humble and 
obedient subject and servant in all I can. 

Wm. Penn. 
" Philadelphia, 13th Aug. '8^." 

On the 14th Penn closed his arduous labors for a 
short time on the great boundary dispute. For on 
this day he finished his letter to the Lords of the Com- 
mittee of Plantations in London, to be forwarded with 
the other letters. 



HIS PAMPHLET ON THE PROVINCE. 12/ 

After going over the controversy he concludes as 
follows : " I have only humbly to add that the province 
hath a prospect of an extraordinary improvement, as 
well by divers sorts of strangers, as English subjects; 
that, in all acts- of justice, we name and venerate the 
King's authority ; that I have followed the Bishop of 
London's counsel, by buying, and not taking away the 
natives' land ; with whom I have settled a very kind 
correspondence. I return my most humble thanks for 
)'our former favours, in the passing of my patent, and 
pray God reward you. I am most ready to obey all 
your commands, according to the obligations of them, 
and beseech you take this province into your pro- 
tection under his Majesty, and him, whom his good- 
ness hath made Governor of it, into your favours." 

In the aforesaid, Penn modestly pays the Bishop a 
high compliment. But in this respect he was but fol- 
lowing the example of the Dutch, Swedes and the Eng- 
lish, in the case of Governor Andros within the same 
territory. Queen Christina, in her instructions to Gov- 
ernor Printz, forbid him to take land from the Indians, 
except by a fair purchase. We are not aware that 
either the Government or any of the Kings of P>ngland 
admitted such a right in the natives, at least down to 
a short time before the middle of last century. There 
are documents extant to prove this, which state that 
his Maje.sty was vested in the exclusive ownership of 
the soil.* 



* See history of the Indian Walk, chapter II. 



128 WM. PEXN IN AMERICA. 

We have at this time another evidence of the ex- 
traordinary industry exhibited amidst his multifarious 
duties in " A Letter from WilHam Penn Proprietary and 
Governour of Pennsyh'ania in America to the Commit- 
tee of the Free Society of Traders of that Province, re- 
siding in London. Containing a General Description of 
the said Province, its Soil, Air, Water, Seasons and 
Produce, both Natural and Artificial, and the good 
Encrease thereof" He gives in it the date of " i6th of 
6th Moneth, called August 1683," and at the end signs 
himself " Your Kind Cordial Friend." It was pub- 
lished in a pamphlet of 1 1 pages royal octavo size, and 
on the title page states, " Printed and Sold by Andrew 
Sowle at the Crooked-Billet in Holloway, Shoreditch, 
and at several Stationers in London, 1683." We ex- 
tract the followincr interestinsf account: 

"The city of Philadelphia, now extends in length, 
from river to river, two miles, and in breadth near a 
mile ; and the Governour, as a further manifestation of 
his kindness to the purchasers, hath freely given them 
their respective lots in the city, without defalcation of 
any other cjuantities of purchase lands ; and as its now 
placed and modelled between two navigable rivers up- 
on a neck of land, and that ships may ride in good 
anchorage, in six or eight fathom water in both rivers, 
close to the city, and the land of the city, dry and 
wholesome ; such a scituation is scarce to be parallel'd. 

" The city consists of a large Front-street to each 
river, and a High street near the middle from Front to 



HIS PAMPHLET ON THE PROVINCE. 1 29 

Front, of one hundred foot broad, and a Broad street 
in the middle of the city, from side to side, of the hke 
breadth. In the centre of the city is a square of ten 
acres ; at each angle are to be houses for publick 
affairs, as a Meeting-House, Assembly or State-House, 
Market-House, School-House, and several other build- 
ings for public concerns. There are also in each 
quarter of the city a square of eight acres, to be for 
the like uses, as the Moore-fields in London ; and 
eight streets, besides the High Street, that run from 
Front to Front, and twenty streets, besides the Broad 
street, that run cross the city, from side to side ; all 
these streets are of fifty foot breadth." 

The pamphlet contains an engraved plot or plan of 
the city, as laid out by the Surveyor- General, with the 
lots numbered. In this also appeared his full and ex- 
ceedingly well-written account of the Indians. For its 
size, in our opinion, the very best in the language on 
that subject that appeared within said century. Such 
was the popularity of this work that it was soon after 
translated into several European languages, and read 
with great interest. It was republished in The Present 
State of British America, by Richard Blome, in 1687, 
in Proud's History of Pennsylvania (vol. I. pp. 245- 
264), Hazard's Register (vol. I. p. 433), and in a num- 
ber of other works. 

It is remarkable that the square " in the centre of 
the city," designed by Penn for the Public Buildings, 

9 



I 30 \VM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

should, after an interval of more than a century and 
three-quarters, through a popular vote, be appropriated 
to that use. This shows the far-seeing plans of the 
man to whom Philadelphia is now so much indebted 
for the admirable arrangements of its streets and public 
squares. If any one is deserving a statue, as is pro- 
posed, on the lofty dome of the new City Hall, it must 
be he. 

In the previous year at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, in Ger- 
many, was founded the first company for sending colo- 
nists to America; it was called " Die Auswanderer Ges- 
elchaft," but here known as the Frankfort Land Com- 
pany. One of its principal agents was Francis Daniel 
Pastorius, a native of Limburg, and an accomplished 
scholar. Hearing of the success of Penn's colony, and 
pleased with his broad and liberal views, he embarked 
on the ship America, Captain Wasey, which took its 
departure from Deal June 7th, 1683; and on the i6th 
of August made first sight of land, but did not enter 
the Capes of Delaware until the i8th. On the 20th 
they passed New Castle and Chester, and towards 
evening arrived at Philadelphia. He was soon fol- 
lowed by thirty-three other Germans from Crefeldt, who 
arrived in the Concord, William Jeffries, master, on the 
8th of October. 

Pastorius says they landed " in perfect health and 
safety, where we were all welcomed with great joy and 
love by the governor William Penn and his secretary. 
He at once made me his confidential friend, and I am 



ARRIVAL OF PASTORIUS. I3I 

frequently requested to dine with him, where I can en- 
joy his good counsel and edifying conversations. 
Lately, I could not visit him for eight days, when he 
waited upon me himself, requesting me to dine with 
him, in future, twice in each week, without particular 
invitation, assuring me of his love and friendship to- 
wards m3'self and the German people, hoping that all 
the rest of the colonists would do the same. 

" This wise and truly pious ruler and governor did 
not, however, take possession of the province thus 
granted without having first conciliated, and at various 
counsils and treaties duly purchased from the natives 
of this country the various sections of Pennsylvania. 
He, having by these means ofltained good titles to the 
province, under the sanction and signature of the chiefs, 
I therefore have purchased from him some thirty thou- 
sand acres for my German colony. Now, although 
the oft-mentioned William Penn is one of the sect of 
Friends or Quakers, still he will compel no man to 
belong to his particular society, but he has granted to 
every one free and untrammeled exercise of their 
opinions, and the largest and most complete liberty of 
concience." 

These interesting extracts are translated from his 
" Geographische Beschreibung Der Provintz, Pensyl- 
vani;t," a work of 120 duo. pages, published at Frank- 
fort and Leipzig in 1 700. In the preface he says, " That 
it is worthy of note that this Province in 1684 con- 
tained a population of 4,000 Christian souls." Pastorius 



132 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

and his Germans were the founders of Germantown, of 
whom Robert Turner, in a letter dated Philadelphia, 3d 
of 6th mo., 1685, says they go on finely in the manu- 
facture of fine linen, having gathered one crop of flax • 
and sowed for the second, and were also preparing to 
make brick the next year. Pastorius died in 17 19, 
aged sixty-eight years. 

We have the authority of Oldmixon, derived from a 
personal interview, that some time this year Penn made 
a journey into the interior of the Province. It was 
made on horseback, and it may be possible that it was 
one of those to which Thomas Fairman alludes as 
having accompanied him. The principal object, no 
doubt, was to become more intimately acquainted with 
the country and its natural productions, as well as the 
mode of Indian life from actual observation, for the 
purpose of communicating the same abroad in his 
writings for the benefit of the reading public, as has 
been related in this and the previous chapter. Penn 
stated how he slept at nights in their wigwams, par- 
took of their fare, and how they treated their sick when 
ill of fevers by sweatings in heated ovens and baths. 
Wherever he came he was kindly received and hos- 
pitably entertained. To this journey he undoubtedly 
alludes in his '' Further Account of the Province," 
written in 1685; wherein he states, " I have made a 
discovery of about a hundred miles west, and find 
those back lands richer in soil, woods, and fountains, 



ARRIVAL OF PASTORIUS. I 33 

then that by Delaware ; especially upon the Susque- 
hanna river." Certainly a pretty good judgment re- 
specting the present Lancaster county, one of the gar- 
den spots of America. 



134 WM. PENN IX AMERICA. 



CHAPTER XII. 

MORE INDIAN PURCHASES. ADDITIONAL TROUBLES 

RESPECTING THE BOUNDARIES. VISITS UMBILI- 

CAMENCE. SELECTS A TRACT FOR THE 

MANOR OF SPRINGFIELD. 

\_Septci)ibcr and December, i68j.^ 

Penn attended the meetings of the Council in Phila- 
delphia on the 7th, 8th, loth, i ith and 12th of this 
(7th) month. On the 8th, " The Governor proposes a 
law to be drawn, that servants which run away should 
serve five days for every day's absence after the time 
of their servitude, and pay the costs and damages the 
masters shall sustain by their absence. The Governor 
stating the question it was carried in the affirmative." 

Kekelappan of Opasiskunk " conveys to Penn on the 
loth, all his right to lands along the Susquehanna 
with a further promise to sell unto him at ye next 
spring at my return from hunting, ye other half of my 
land, at as reasonable rates as other Indians have been 
used to sell on this river." It is likely that this was 
brought about by the Proprietary's recent journey into 
the interior, when he may have visited that portion of 
the province. 



ADDITIONAL BOUNDARY TROUBLES. 1 35 

As has been stated, Penii had troubles respecting 
his boundaries with both Maryland and West New 
Jersey, and now, through the aforesaid purchase, there 
was to be an additional one. Col. Thomas Dungan 
on the 1 8th sent a letter to the authorities at Albany, 
in which he says, " I have this day advised with the 
Council, and after a serious consideration as a cause of 
so great importance rec|uired, it is for good and 
weighty reasons thought very convenient and necessary 
to put a stop to all proceedings in Mr. Penn's affairs 
with the Indians, until his bounds and limits be 
adjusted, at the determining of which I think either to 
be personally present, or else send some on purpose. 
You are therefore, to suffer no manner of proceedings 
in that business until you shall have positive orders 
from me about it, and Mr. Haigue, Penn's agent is to 
be acquainted with the contents of this letter." This 
matter induced the Proprietary a few days afterwards 
to go to New York, and we know that he had not yet 
returned on the 24th. While there, as will be shortly 
mentioned, he availed himself of having copies made 
from the early records to sustain not only his own, but 
also the Duke's title to the Lower Territories. 

Lord Baltimore, on the 17th, commissioned George 
Talbot to proceed to Philadelphia to demand from 
Penn or his deputy, all the land that lay southward of 
the Fortieth degree of North latitude. On the 24th, 
in the absence of the Proprietary, at New York, the 
same was made on Nicholas More as his aeent. On 



136 \VM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

his return, Penn wrote a reply to Talbot, dated Phila- 
delphia the 4th of 8th month, in which he stated that 
the said territory belonged to his grants, and he would 
therefore refuse to yield the same. In consequence, on 
the 1 8th (Oct.), he issued a proclamation at New Castle, 
prohibiting all persons to settle on the lands between 
the Delaware river and Chesapeake Bay without his 
leave. 

Edward Brooks, while on a visit in the province, 
purchased of Penn on the 12th, 2,000 acres of land 
for eighty pounds sterling, " good and lawful money of 
Old England," and promises to pay the same "within 
ye space of six months after my arrival in England 
unto Philip Ford, merchant in Bow Lane in London 
without fail." This appears to be a singular condition 
of payment, and shows that the Proprietary had 
already trusted some of his business matters to Ford, 
and of which exentually the latter was to take undue 
advantage. 

Another purchase was make by Penn on the i8th 
from Macholoha for all his right to lands situated 
between Chesapeake Bay and Delaware river, and ex- 
tending upwards to the Falls of the Susquehanna. It 
must be admitted that such boundaries are vaguely 
expressed, but still could be the better comprehended 
by the Indians. 

Meetings of the Council were held by the Governor 
on the 25th, 26th, 27th, 29th and 30th. On the 26th 
he sentenced Charles Pickering for passing counterfeit 



ADDITIONAL BOUNDARY TROUBLES. 1 3/ 

coin, to redeem all called in by proclamation within 
a month and to be then melted down and returned to 
him, and to pay a fine of forty pounds towards the build- 
ing of the Court-house, and to stand committed till 
paid, and then to find security for his future conduct. 
Samuel Buckley is fined for being concerned in the 
same ten pounds to go towards the Court-house, and 
to find security for his behavior. Robert Fenton, a 
servant concerned in the same, to sit in the stocks one 
hour the following morning. 

During 9th month, or November, we find little tran- 
spiring of interest. William Beekman sent a letter to 
Penn, dated New York, November 4th, in which he 
says that two days after his departure from thence he 
delivered a letter to William Frampton enclosing a 
copy of an agreement or deed for the land between 
Cape Henlopen and Bombay Hook, and also a copy 
of the capitulation made in 1655 between the Swedish 
and the Dutch Governors. In examining his journal, 
found mention therein of a visit made to the Delaware 
in 1663 by Lord Baltimore, Chancellor Calvert, Colo- 
nel Utie and others, and though they remained there 
five or six days, they set up no claim to any part of 
said territory, (i.) 

Meetings of the Council were held in Philadelphia 
on the 7th and 21st, at which the Governor presided. 
But little business was transacted, after which the\^ ad- 
journed to the following month. 

Edward Claypoole, who had embarked at Gravesend, 



138 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

and shortly after his arrival, in a letter to his brother 
James, a merchant of London, dated Philadelphia, 2d 
of loth month, 1683. " Where," he says, " I found my 
servant had builded me a house like a barn without a 
chimney, forty by twenty feet v.ith a good dry cellar 
under it, which proved an extraordinary conveniency 
for receiving our goods and lodging my family." In 
regard to land, expresses the opinion that " people 
come in so fast that it is like to be much dearer in a 
little time. As judged about one thousand acres 
being now worth ^^"40 sterling." This denotes a con- 
siderable immigration at this time. 

On the 15th, William Clark writes from Lewis, Sus- 
sex county, to the " Dear Governor " to inform him, 
" That thine of the 23d of 9th month, and one by the 
hands of John Hill, with no date, came to my hands, 
and had no opportunity to send an answer until now. 
As to Lord Baltimore's pretensions to these parts I 
hear nothing 'of, and things being quiet. I did intend, 
according to thy order that my wife should have pickled 
some oysters to send to thee. In order to obtain them 
I sent my servants, but it being at the beginning of the 
severe weather, they ^vere forced to leave the canoe 
with its contents, but as soon as it is fit I shall give it 
my attention." 

Respecting the boundary dispute with Baltimore, 
Penn received a letter from Nicholas Bayard, of New 
York, dated December 23d, '83; and from the interest 
it possesses give it in full. It is likely has never been 



ADDITIONAL BOUNDARY TROUBLES. 1 39 

published before, and to suit our purpose have taken 
some Hberties with its style. 

" Honourable Sir. Since your departure I have 
made an inquir\' by Mr. Frederick Philips concerning 
your affairs, but as I told them then, I find by him 
nothing which is material, for he came in the country 
in the year 165 i, and is very ignorant of what is past 
in any countr}' affairs about that time. I have made it 
my business to speak with several of the old standers 
in the country, but the most having been private per- 
sons and without public employ, can likewise give no 
account what right the Dutch formerly had in your 
parts of Delaware, only that they had possession and 
built forts there long before the year 1638 ; of which I 
can procure several testimonies if you desire the same, 
but I question not you may have such process more 
ample from Peter Cock in Timor and other old inhabi- 
tants in your colony. I have earnestly desired my 
friend Van Rivyvan to furnish me from Holland with 
all he can give or can procure in your behalf, and am 
assured he will not be wanting therein, and I promised 
him satisfaction, and to place it to my account for what 
charge he should be at for the land. Here enclosed is 
a copy of a protest I found in the records since your 
departu're, if it may be of any service you may have a 
copy of the same attested by ]\Ir. West or some public 
officer, and wherein I may be further able to serve you. 
Please freely to command your very humble servant, 
(i.) Nicholas Bavard." 



140 \VM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

The Governor held a meeting of the Council in 
Philadelphia on the 26th, at which the following mem- 
bers were present : Wm. Clayton, Wm. Hague and 
Lasse Cock. On this occasion the minutes state that 
" The Governor and Provincial Council having taken 
into their serious consideration the great necessity 
there is of a schoolmaster for the instruction and sober 
education of youth in the town of Philadelphia, sent 
for Enoch Flower, an inhabitant of the said town, who 
for twenty years past hath been exercised in that care 
and employment in England, to whom ha\'ing com- 
municated their minds he embraced it upon the follow- 
ing terms : to learn to read English four shillings by 
the quarter, to learn to read and write six shillings, 
to learn to read, write and cast accounts eight shil- 
lings ; for boarding a scholar, that is to say, diet, wash- 
ing, lodging and schooling, ten pounds for one whole 
year." This action is highly creditable to Penn and 
his Council, and shows that there was a desire even 
at this early period, when the city had not yet been 
laid out much over a year, that the education of youth 
be encouraged. A meeting of the Council was held 
the next day, when they adjourned to the following 
month. 

It is remarkable how a few documents, without an 
intimate relation as to their general contents, may yet 
disclose and establish important facts. The Hon. Wm. 
A. Yeakle, a life-long residciit of the valley of the Wissa- 
hickon, inWhitemarsh, informed the author a few years 



VISITS UMBILICAMEN'CE. I4I 

ago, that he had discovered, from a deed of 1 746, that his 
section had formed "a part of the lands by the Indians 
called Umbilicamence." As the name appeared not 
unfamiliar, it suggested to us to make an examination of 
Thomas Fairman's bill of charges (Penn-Physick MSS.) 
against William Penn, commencing with the year 1682, 
wherein is found mentioned an indebtedness " To a 
journey with the Proprietor and his friends to Umbo- 
lekimensin with 3 of my horses, 12 shillings." After 
some further research among the warrants for surveys 
the following was discovered : 

" L. S. William Penn, Proprietary and Governor of 
Pennsylvania and the Territories thereunto belonging. 
At the request of Jasper Farmer, Junior, in the behalf 
of his father. Major Jasper Farmer, his brother Richard 
and himself, that I would grant him to take up five 
thousand acres of land, being of the lands by the 
Indians called Umbilicamence, fronting on one end 
upon the River Schuylkill. These are to will and re- 
quire thee forthwith to survey or cause to be surveyed 
unto him the said five thousand acres in the aforemen- 
tioned place where not already taken up, according to 
the method of townships appointed b\' me, and make 
return thereof unto my Secretary's office. Given at 
Philadelphia the 31st of loth month, 1683. 

Wm. Penn. 

" For Thomas Holmes, Surveyor-General." 
The several aforesaid papers now establish the in- 



142 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

teresting information that William Penn, in company 
with Thomas Fairman and several friends, made a 
journey on horseback out there some time in the sum- 
mer or fall of 1683, on purpose to view that section of 
country. The distance from Philadelphia not exceed- 
ing fourteen miles, and in coming hither no doubt 
passed by where is now Chestnut Hill and P'lourtown. 
The termination of the trip was no doubt in the vicinity 
of where the Farmers made their settlement some two 
years later, and near where St. Thomas' Episcopal 
Church was erected. As an earl)- Indian settlement 
is mentioned there, it is very probable that its name 
was Umbilicamence. For it was here where Edward 
P^armer, Nicholas Scull and John Scull acquired their 
early knowledge of the Delaware Indian language 
from the natives, and that enabled them on several 
subsequent occasions to act as interpreters on behalf of 
the pro\'incial government. 

Immediately adjoining the Farmer tract on the 
southeast lay Gulielma Maria Penn's Mannor," con- 
taining four thousand and ten acres surveyed by Fair- 
man. From his bill of charges we learn that he and 
the Proprietary had made a journey on purpose " to 
look out some land" that was "afterwards named 
Springfield." This must have been made also about 
the aforesaid time. This tract was a good selection, 
the land fertile and abounding in an abundance of ex- 
cellent limestone and iron-ore. 



PENN S CORRESPONDENCE. I43 



CHAPTER XIII. 

MORE OF PENX'.S CORRESPONDENCE. PRESIDES AT A 

TRIAL FOR WITCHCRAFT. 

\^Janitary and Fi-bntary, i6Sj.'] 

We have now arrived near the close of the year 
1683, old style, and the persecution of the Friends 
still continues, but not with that rigor as formerly. 
Though Charles II. was induced to discountenance it, 
yet through the indifference of those in power, consider- 
able distress prevailed. In consequence, Penn did not 
remain unconcerned in regard to his suffering brethren, 
for they had his warmest sympathies, with an earnest 
desire to use his influence to procure them all the relief 
he possibly could. It is probable that in Ireland they 
were more harshly dealt with than in England, which 
induced the Proprietary, as we have seen, amidst his 
numerous cares and vexations here to address a letter 
on the 9th of i ith month to the I^arl of Arran, Lord 
Deputy of the former, whom he calls, " My Noble 
and Old Friend," desiring him to exercise his sympa- 
thies in their behalf It is of considerable length and 
in it expresses himself strongly in favor of liberty of 



144 ^'^'^J- PENN IN AMERICA. 

conscience in matters relating to religion, and hopes 
that persecution therefore may cease. He concludes 
with the following information respecting the prov^- 
ince : 

" I thank God I am safely arrived in the province 
that the providence of God and bounty of the King 
hath made it mine; and which the credit, prudence 
and industry of the people concerned with me must 
render considerable. I was received by the ancient 
inhabitants with much kindness and respect ; and the 
rest brought it with them. There may be about four 
thousand souls in all; I speak I think within com- 
pass ; We expect an increase from France, Holland 
and Germany as well as our native country. The 
land is generally good, well watered and not so thick 
of woods as imagined. There are also many open 
places that have been old Indian fields. The days are 
above two hours longer and the sun much hotter here 
than with you, which makes some recompence for the 
sharp nights of the winter season, as well as the woods 
that makes cheap and great fires. Our town of Phila- 
delphia is seated between two navigable rivers, having 
from four to ten fathom water, about one hundred and 
fifty houses up in one year, and four hundred county 
settlements. We labor to render ourselves an indus- 
trious colony to the honor and benefit of the Crown as 
well as our own comfort and advantage, and let them 
not be separated say I." 

From Philadelphia on the 2d of 12th month, Penn 



PRESIDES AT A TRIAL. 145 

addressed a letter to the Earl of Rochester, respecting 
his troubles with Lord Baltimore, and commences it 
with the following forcible introduction, " My Noble 
Friend, — It cannot be strange to a lord of so much ex- 
perience, that in nature, all creatures seek succour against 
might ; the young from their old and the feeble from 
the strong, and that the same nature, by reciprocal in- 
stinct, inspires the old to protect their young, and the 
strong the weak of their own kind. This, my noble 
Lord, is much my case and this trouble ; and to whom 
can I go, with more reason and hope than to him that 
hath, with so much honour and truth and a perpetual 
success, been the kind and constant patron of my just 
cause. Let this therefore, noble Lord, meet with thy 
usual favour; which will add to the many bonds I am 
under, in affection and gratitude to thy just interest 
and service." 

After which follows a lengthy defence of his claims 
to the Three Lower Counties, and in which he also 
sets forth his position, based on the settlements there by 
the Dutch and Swedes, against whom previously the 
Proprietary of Maryland had not set up any claims 
even to a part of the same. 

On the 9th he addressed a second letter to the 
Marquis of Halifax in reference to his boundary dis- 
pute. In it he gives some interesting information in 
regard to the condition, prosperity and future prospects 
of his colony. " I hope," he states therein, " my agent 
10 



146 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

hath presented thee with my last and the respects 
I bear so honourable a friend. Our capital town is 
advanced to about one hundred and fifty very tolerable 
houses for wooden ones ; they are chiefly on both the 
navigable riv^ers that bound the ends or sides of the 
town. The farmers have got their winter corn in the 
ground. I suppose we may be five hundred farmers 
strong. I settle them in villages, dividing five thou- 
sand acres among ten, fifteen or twenty families, as 
their ability is to plant it. Germans, Dutch and French 
are concerned in our prosperity with their own. The 
Germans are fallen upon flax and hemp, the French on 
vineyards. Here grow wild an incredible number of 
vines, that though savage and not so excellent, beside 
that much wood and shade sour them. They yield a 
pleasant grape, and I have drunk a good claret, though 
small and greenish, of Capt. Rapp's vintage of the 
savage grape. 

" I must without vanity say, I have led the greatest 
colony into America, that any man did upon a private 
credit, and the most prosperous beginnings that ever 
were in it, are to be found amongst us ; and, if this 
lord who may remember that his country was cut out 
of Virginia, to the great abatement of the interest of 
that province, and this not for debt, or salaries due, but 
as mere grace shall carry away this poor ewe lamb too, 
my voyage will be a ruinous one to me and my 
partners, which God defend. And my honourable 
.friend, I shall onl\- pray that my case may be re- 



PRESIDES AT A TRIAL. 1 47 

membered and recommended to the King by my noble 
friend the Marquis of Hahfax." 

Thomas Paschall, a factor of a Jean Company in 
Chippenham, England, wrote during a residence here 
" A Short Account of Pennsylvania," to which he ap- 
pended his name and bears the date of Philadelphia, 
February loth, 1683 ; its object appears to be to en- 
courage emigration hither. It is likely that it was 
first published in PIngland and afterwards translated 
into German. The copy seen by us was printed at 
Frankfort and Leipzig in i 700, and circulated by the 
Land Company there. It occupies but three pages and 
to this work can furnish nothing additional ; however, 
at this early period of Penn's settlement is deserving of 
notice. All we have been enabled to ascertain further 
about Paschall is that he resided in Philadelphia the 
17th of 7th month, 170 1, when his name is found in a 
petition addressed to the Assembly. 

We find the following compliment paid to Penn in a 
letter by James Claypoole,* dated Philadelphia, 24th 
of 1 2th month, and addressed to his friend, Gawan 
Lawrie: "William Penn, our Governor, has been ex- 
ceedingly kind, and is so still to me and my family as 
if we were his nearest relations, and I hope his love 
will continue. Truly, he is very precious in his testi- 
mony and conversation, and we may be sure he takes 



* Formerly a merchant in London, and had only recently arrived here. Became 
Register of Wills, and died in 1687. To his MS. Letter Book we are indebted for 
valuable mformation. 



148 WM. PENX IN AMERICA. 

counsel of the Lord, for there is much of the wisdom 
that is from above manifest in his conduct and manage- 
ment of affairs here, by which he is made a fit instru- 
ment in the hand of the Lord for the work and service 
he is called to, and I wish with all my heart that all 
the Governors upon the earth were such as he is. I 
and my wife and eight children are all at this place in 
good health, and so have been mostly since we came, 
John my eldest writes for the Register, James is book- 
keeper to the Society." 

A meeting of the Council was held by Penn in 
Philadelphia on the 7th of this ( 12th) month, at which 
Lasse Cock, Wm. Clayton, John Symcock and Thomas 
Holme were present. Margaret Matson and Getro 
Hendrickson were examined and about to be proved 
witches, whereupon it was ordered that Neels Matson 
should enter into recognizance of fifty pounds for his 
wife's appearance before this board on the 27th instant, 
and that Jacob Hendrickson be required to do the same 
for his wife. Meetings of the board were held on the 
20th and 21st, but nothing transacted of special in- 
terest. 

On the 27th, the Governor was present with James 
Harrison, Wm. Biles, Lasse Cock, Wm. Hague, Chris- 
topher Taylor, W^m. Clayton and Thomas Holme, 
members of the Council. The Grand Jury made a 
return and found a bill. Margaret Matson's indict- 
ment was read, and pleads not guilty. Lasse Cock 
was attested interpreter between the Proprietary and 



PRESIDES AT A TRIAI.. 1 49 

the prisoner. A jury of twelve was impanneled, of 
which John Hastings was foreman. Henry Drystreet, 
attested, said he was told twenty years ago that the 
prisoner was a witch, and that several cows were be- 
witched by her. James Sandeland's mother told him 
she had bewitched her cow but afterwards saw it was 
a mistake, for it was not her cow but another person's 
that should die. Charles Ashcom, attested, says that 
Anthony's wife being asked why she sold her cattle ; 
because her mother had bewitched them, having taken 
it off of Hendrick's cattle and put it on their oxen, 
which she might keep, but no other cattle. Margaret 
Matson says she values not Drystreet's evidence; but 
if Sandeland's mother had came she would have an- 
swered her, and also denies Charles Ashcom's evi- 
dence. Anneky Cooling's evidence concerning the 
geese she denies, saying she was never out of her ca- 
noe. The prisoner denies the evidence, and that they 
speak only from hearsay. After which the Governor 
gave the jury their charge, who brought her in guilty 
of having the common fame of a witch, but not guilty 
in manner and form as she stands indicted. Neels 
Matson and Anthony Neelson were required to enter 
into a recognizance of fifty pounds each for the good 
beha\ior of Margaret Matson for six months, and Jacob 
Hendrickson in fift)' pounds under the same conditions 
for his wife. 

In the trial of such an extraordinary case we ha\'e 
concluded to be as full as our information would per- 



150 WM. PEXN IX AMERICA. 

mit. The parties were all Swedes and appear to have 
been ignorant of the English language, the proceedings 
being conducted by Lasse Cock and James Claypoole 
as interpreters. The Governor's charge to the jury at 
this day would possess considerable interest. We shall 
find after his return in 1701, of his presiding at another 
trial for witchcraft in which the parties appear to have 
been all English. No doubt the sentiment concerning 
it was stronger than is now generally supposed. 



THE WELSH TRACT. I s I 



CHAPTER XIV. 

THE WELSH TRACT. LETTERS TO THE DUKE OF 

YORK AND OTHERS. 

^March-July, 1684:] 

About this time a considerable body of Welsh Friends 
designed emigrating to this country, and through their 
agents an arrangement was effected with Penn in Eng- 
land, for the purchase and location in one great tract 
of about forty thousand acres, which they proposed to 
settle and thus be enabled to live contigiousl}^ to each 
other at no great distance from the city. In conse- 
quence the Proprietary issued the following warrant 
to the .Surveyor General to have the same laid out : 

" Whereas divers considerable persons among the 
Welsh Friends have requested me that all the lands 
purchased of me by those of North Wales and South 
Wales, together with the adjacent counties to them, as 
Haverfordshire, Shropshire and Cheshire, about forty 
thousand acres, may be laid out contigiously as one 
Barony, alleging that the number already come and 
suddenly come, are such as will be capable of planting 
the same much within the proportion allowed by the 
custom of the country and so not lye in large and use- 
less vacancies. And because I am inclined and deter- 



152 \VM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

mined to agree and favour them with any reasonable 
conveniency and priviledge : I do hereby charge thee 
and strictly require thee to lay out the said tract of land 
in as uniform a manner, as conveniently may be, upon 
the west side of Schuylkill river running three miles 
upon the same, and two miles backward, and then ex- 
tend the parellel with the river six miles and to run west- 
wardly so far as till the said quantity of land be com- 
pletely surveyed unto them. — Given at Pennsbury, the 
13th I mo. 1684. \Vm. Penx." 

On the 4th of the following month (April), Thomas 
Holme, the Surveyor General, authorized his deputy 
David Powell to proceed in laying out the same con- 
formably to the Proprietary's instructions. This formed 
what has been ever since known as the Welsh Tract, 
and from which the townships of Merion, Haverford, 
Goshen and others subsequently originated. The 
aforesaid bounds as fixed by Penn possess quite an in- 
terest and have hitherto escaped the notice of historians, 
being derived from the records of the Surveyor Gen- 
eral's office, Harrisburg. At this time they must have 
settled on it rapidly, judging not long after by their 
numbers. Oldmixon, who was here in 1708, in speak- 
ing of this tract and the Welsh, says that it then was 
"very populous, and the people are very industrious; 
by which means this country is better cleared than any 
other part of the county. The inhabitants have many 
fine plantations of corn, and breed abundance of cattle. 



THE WELSH TRACT. I 53 

inasmuch that the}- are looked upon to be as thriving and 
wealthy as any in the province — and this must always 
be said of the Welsh, that wherever they come, 'tis not 
their fault if they do not live, and live well, too; for 
they seldom spare for labor, which seldom fails of suc- 
cess." 

Meetings of the Council were held by the Governor 
in Philadelphia on the 20th, 2 ist, 24th, 26th, 27th, 28th, 
29th and 31st, and at all of which he was present. It 
is, therefore, certain that he must have spent all or the 
greater portion of the previous winter in the city, visiting 
only for a few days Pennsbury near the middle of this 
the first spring month. 

During 2d month, or April, the Proprietary held 
meetings with the Council on the ist, 2d, 3d, 7th and 
8th; spending a few days again at Pennsbury between 
the 4th and 7th. 

We are reaching now a period in the celebrated 
boundary dispute in which the respective parties are 
proceeding to open hostilities for the arrest of each 
other's authorities in the enforcement of what they 
deem their respective rights. In consequence, Penn 
issued on the 6th the following commission to secure 
his territory from the encroachments of his unwearied 
neighboring Proprietary. 

"To my trusty and loving friends, W^m. Welsh, John 
Simcock and James Harrison, greeting : Being credi- 
bly informed that a party of men armed some with guns 
and others with axes, under the command of Col. George 



154 ^^"^I- PENX IX AMERICA. 

Talbot, have in a riotous manner invaded the right of 
some of the inhabitants of New Castle County, under pre- 
tence of a Commission from Charles Calvert, Proprietary 
of Maryland, these are to empower you, or any two of 
you, to raise the country and to grant Commissions to 
such as you shall see cause to raise the country, and 
likewise to charge and command both you and them 
by the King's Authority derived to me by the assign- 
ment of James Duke York and Albany, to take all 
due care, and that with all possible speed, to keep and 
maintain peace of our sovereign lord the King, and to 
suppress all riotous and rebellious practices, and them 
to apprehend and imprison whom you shall so find 
therein, that they may be proceeded against accord- 
ing to law, and as also to secure all persons as refuse 
or neglect to assist you in this service, and whom you 
have cause to suspect may be unfaithful to the govern- 
ment, and for so doing this shall be your sufficient 
warrant. Given at Pennsbury, this 6th of the 2 mo. 
'84, being the 36th year of the King's reign." 

The Assembly met at New Castle on the loth of 3d 
month, to which, at the same time, the Governor ad- 
journed his Council, which continued in session there 
till the 22d, when they adjourned to Philadelphia where 
they met on the 29th and the two following days. On 
the loth the Goversor informed the Council that he 
had called the Indians together, and proposed to them 
to let them ha\'e rum if they would be satisfied to be 
punished as the English were ; which they agreed to. 



THE WELSH TRACT. 155 

pro\-ided that the law of not selHng them rum be 
abolished. In a case between Andrew Johnson, 
plaintiff, and Hans Peterson, defendant, the Governor, 
and Council advnsed them to shake hands, and to for- 
give each other, which they accordingly did, and for 
their future good behavior were ordered to enter into 
bonds of fifty pounds each. 

The Governor held meetings of the Council in Phila- 
delphia on the 3d, 4th, I ith, I2th, i8th and 19th of this 
(4th) month. On the 1 8th he read the Declaration con- 
cerning the difference between Lord Baltimore and 
himself, desiring the Council's approbation ; who ap- 
proved of it, but suggested that some things mentioned 
therein might for the present be omitted. 

In consideration of two matchcoats, four pair of 
stockings, and four bottles of cider Maughoughsin, 
grants under his hand and seal at Philadelphia the 3d 
of 5th month, 1684; all his land upon Pahkehoma to 
William Penn, his heirs and assigns forever, " with 
which I own myself satisfied and promise never to 
molest any Christians so called that shall seat thereon 
by his orders." This has reference to the lands on the 
Perkiomen creek in the present Montgomery county. 

On the 7th another purchase was made by Penn at 
Philadelphia, from Richard Mettamicont, as owner 
of the land on both sides of Pennepack creek 
to the river Delaware, and hereby agrees "never 
to molest or trouble any Christians so called settled 
upon any part of the aforesaid land." Poor Indians, 



156 \VM. PEXN IX AMERICA. 

though they and their lands have long since parted, we 
beheve they faithfully adhered to the aforesaid condi- 
tions. In regard to these purchases, Oldmixon very 
sensibly observes in his " British Empire in America," 
that " As soon as Mr. Penn had got his patent, he in- 
vited several persons to purchase lands under it. He 
did not satisfy himself with the title granted by Charles 
II. and his brother he also bought the land of the In- 
dians, which doubtless, was the best right he had on 
them." 

We need not wonder at the energy displayed by 
Penn to secure himself against the encroachments of 
Lord Baltimore. The claims set up by the latter, if 
successful, would have taken all the lands in the 
province south of the city of Philadelphia, including 
the three lower counties or territories. It would have 
deprived him of several sea ports and the command of 
Delaware Bay. He very justly observes, " If the Lord 
Baltimore's patent were title good enough for what Was 
another's before, and which he never enjoyed since, 
Connecticut colony might put in for New York as 
reasonably as the Lord Baltimore can for Delaware, 
their patent having that part of the Dutch territories 
within its bounds, on the same mistake. I must take 
leave to refer the Lord Baltimore to His Royal High- 
ness, who is a prince, doubtless, of too much honour 
to keep any man's right, and of too much resolution 
to deliver up his own ; whose example I am resolved 
to follow." 



TO THE DUKE OF YORK. I 57 

In addition, the Proprietary resolved to send a letter 
to his friend the Duke of York, setting forth his 
griex'ances and the difficulties he labored under, with an 
intimation that he would shortly follow Lord Balti- 
more to England, with a view to giving personally his 
attention to the great interests at stake. The follow- 
ing is a copy of the address : 

TO THE DUKE OF YORK. 

" Great Prince. — It is some security to me, and an 
happiness I must own and honour, that in these my 
humble and plain addresses, I have to do with a Prince 
of so great justice and resolution, one that will not be 
baffled by crafts, nor blinded by affection ; and such a 
Prince with humility be it spoken, becometh the just 
cause I have to lay before him. 

" Since my last, by which I gave the Duke to under- 
stand that the Lord Baltimore had sent agents to offer 
terms to the people, to draw them from their obedience 
of this government, where his Royal Highness had 
placed them, and that without having any special 
order for the same, it hath pleased that lord to com- 
missionate Colonel George Talbot to come, with 
armed men, within five miles of New Castle town, 
there upon a spot of ground belonging to one Ogle, 
that came with Captain Carr, to reduce that place by 
force, erected a fort of the bodies of trees, raised a 
breastwork, and palisaded the same, and settled armed 
men therein. The president of that town and county, 
toijether with the sheriff and divers magistrates and 



158 \VM. PEXX IX AMERICA. 

inhabitants of the same, went to the said fort, demanded 
of Colonel George Talbot the reasons of such actions, 
being a warlike invasion of the right of his Majesty's 
subjects, never in his possession. He answered them, 
after having bid them stand off, presenting guns and 
muskets at their breasts, that he had Lord Baltimore's 
commission for what he did. The president being an 
old experienced man, advised him to depart, and to 
take heed how he obeyed such commands as these 
were, since acting in such a way of hostility against 
the right of his Majesty's subjects not in rebellion, and 
not by his commission, might cost him and his lord 
dear in the issue. He still refused, upon which proc- 
lamations wer» made in the King's name, that they 
should depart, but he, with some more, would not 
depart but in the name of Lord Baltimore, refusing to 
go in the King's name ; and there the garrison is kept, 
the commander and soldiers threatening to fire upon 
and kill all such as shall endeavor to demolish the 
block-house, and say they have express commands so 
to do from that lord. 

" How far these practices will please the King or 
Duke is not fit for me to say ; but, if not mistaken, I 
shall be able to make evident by law, he hath almost 
cancelled his allegiance to the King herein, and ex- 
posed himself to his mercy for all he hath in the 
world. I hear he has gone for England, and was so 
just to invite me by a letter in March, delivered in the 
end of April, informing me that towards the end of 



TO THE DLKE OF YORK. I 59 

March he intended for England. This was contrived 
that he might get the start of me, that making an in- 
terest before I arrived, he might block up my way, 
and carry the point. But such arts will never do, 
where there is no matter to work upon, which I am 
abundantly satisfied they will not, they cannot find in 
the Duke, with whom I know he hath great reason to 
ingratiate his cause and malconduct, if he could. 

" I am following him as fast as I can, though 
Colonel Talbot, since his departure, threatened to turn 
such out by violence, as would not submit to him, and 
drive their stocks for arrears : believing that the worse 
the better, I mean the more illegal and disrespectful he 
and his agents are, to His Majesty and Royal High- 
ness, and humble and patient I am, they will the more 
favour my so much abused interest. I add no more, 
but to pray, that a perfect stop be put to all his pro- 
ceedings till I come, who hope to show myself the 
King's dutiful and in reference to his American 
Empire, not unuseful subject, and as well the Duke's 
most faithful friend, to serve him to my power, 

WiLLi.VM Pexx. 

" Philadelphia, The 8th of the 4th month (June), 
1684." 

On the same day Penn addressed another letter to 
his " Noble and Old Friend " the Earl of Sunderland, 
who had been his classmate at Oxford University to 
incline his influence to his cause. As it is entireK' too 



l60 WM. PEXX IN AMERICA. 

long for our use (see Memoirs of Hist. Society, vol. 
IV. pp. 183-6), select the following extracts; 

" The station in which it hath pleased his Imperial 
Majesty to place me in his American Empire, com- 
mands this direction from me, and therefore excuseth 
the freedom of it, though the liberty thy former kind- 
ness giveth me would not let me despair of accept- 
ance, at least of pardon. My last gave some ac- 
count of the carriage of the Lord Baltimore, and his 
agents in reference to this Province and annexed coun- 
ties, conveyed to me by deed ' of feoffment from the 
Duke: since which time, he hath made great advances 
with what justice to me duty to his Majesty, and 
safety to himself, I leave to my superiors to judge." 

After going at some length over his difficulties, he 
remarks that " This doctrine hath tied the hands of 
the inhabitants of this place from absolute war on this 
part. I ^ tell them that our great Justinian must issue 
this difference, take this fort and get the victory ; and 
if the Crown itself disowns not the power of raising 
forces against subjects in rebellion, the Proprietary of 
Maryland, is more concerned to defend his fort against 
the King, than we are to defend ourselves against his 
fort, which .is plainly acting in a way of hostility 
against the subjects of our sovereign lord the King, 
now under his obedience and protection. 

" My humble motion from these premises is this, 
that though I am following this lord as fast as I can, 
my circumstances may be so far considered, at the 



TO THE DUKE OF YORK. l6l 

first, nothing may be done in this affair till I am on the 
spot. He took care to prolong my notices of his 
going for FLngland till gone, or just upon it, that I 
having all to do in reference to the settlement of this 
country, he might get the start, and endeavour to block 
up my way : but I hope these acts will find no matter 
to work upon to my disadvantage. My case is plain 
and fortified, by the very opposition of my adversary." 

Every candid reader, we thfnk, must admit that 
these letters of Penn are admirable, both in style and 
logic, with here and there a \'ein of satire mixed with 
caustic. This was one of the greatest troubles that 
attended the foundation of his colony, and to which it 
clung like a parasite to be fostered by its growth. 

The Governor on the 25th appointed James Harrison, 
William Yardley, Thomas Janney, John Otter, William 
Beeks, William Biles and Edmund Bennett, Justices ofthe 
Peace for the county of Bucks, as the records ofthe Court 
inform us. This would already denote a considerable 
increase in population since the organization of the 
county. On the 27th, Penn was present at the opening 
of the Court at Chester. 

A meeting of the Council was held in Philadelphia 
on the 25th of 5th month, at which the Governor pro- 
posed a law to suppress the sale of rum to the Indians 
in quantities. Robert Terrill and all others that are 
engaged in selling rum as aforesaid are ordered to ap- 
pear before the Board. For his doings Terrill re- 
1 1 



1 62 WM. PEXN IX AMERICA. 

ceived a reprimand from the Governor on the follow- 
ing day, and a proclamation was ordered to be issued 
to suppress the same. The Council was in session on 
the 28th, when they adjourned to the 14th of the fol- 
lowing month. 

John White and Robert Hall of Bucks county, on 
the 26th petitioned the " Dear Governor " that " we 
formerly did take up i 500 acres of land on Neshamin}- 
creek, which our father George White did purchase of 
thee. After this Edward Lovitt took up land back 
of us and did run upon our line, taking away a piece 
of meadow next the creek which John Swart lay claim 
to. Now this is to beseech thee to be mindful of ful- 
filling thy former promise, and also to inform thee that 
most people do look upon it as an unreasonable thing 
for John Swart to have a piece of meadow two miles 
from his habitation, without title and intercept us from 
the benefit of the creek for the width of near 1000 
acres. So desiring thee to take this into thy consid- 
eration we remain thy loving friends and addressers." 
(i.) WHiat action the Governor took on this matter is 
unknown to us, and present it as an item of local in- 
terest in our early history not heretofore published. 



PREPARATIONS P'OR DEPARTURE. 1 63 



CHAPTER XV. 

PENN's PREPARATIONS P^OR DEPARTURE. SAFE ARRR'AL 

IN ENGLAND. 

{August-October, 1684.'] 

We have now arrived in this work to the beg-innincf 
of August (6th month), 1684; when Penn had left 
his home, family and most of his friends one year and 
eleven months, and was actively engaged in making pre- 
parations for his return. As stated on the boundary 
question. Lord Baltimore had taken the advantage of 
him in an earlier start to P^ngland than he had ex- 
pected, and in consequence had written to the Duke of 
York and others that he intended speedily to follow to 
be enabled to confront him and attend to his claims 
personally before the Lords of the Committee of 
Trades and Plantations. It is probable, too, that he 
may have been also induced to return by hearing of 
his wife's illness, as we infer from his correspond- 
ence. 

On the 4th he appointed Nicholas More, William 
Welch, William Wood, Robert Turner and John PLck- 
ley, Prox'incial Judges for two years from this date ; 



164 ^V-M. PENX IN AMERICA. 

" you and every of you behaving yourselves well 
therein, and acting according to the same." Their 
jurisdiction extended only to " the three Upper 
Countyes and Towne of Philadelphia." This, in fact, 
was the origin of the Supreme Court of Pennsyl- 
vania. 

The Proprietary deemed it prudent before he em- 
barked on his voyage, to appoint three Commissioners 
to act as f^uardians in the government of the Province, 
in the event of his death or any other causality. The 
following is copied from the original on parchment 
with the great seal attached, and probably now pub- 
lished for the first time : 

" William Penn Proprietary and Governor of ye 
Province of Pennsilvania & }'e Territories thereunto 
belonging. To mj^ Trusty and Loveing Friends Tho. 
Lloyd, James Harrison & John Simcock. Not 
knowing how it may please Almighty God to deal 
with me in this voyage & considering of how great 
moment it is that the Administration of ye Govern- 
ment be carefully provided for in case of my Decease, 
before I return or send any other ordr or Commissions 
than what I leave behind me, Know yee that out of 
ye Singular regard I have to ye Wisdome Justice & 
Fidelit}', I have nominated constituted & appointed 
& do hereby nominate, constitute & appoint you 
Commissioners and Guardians in Gov-ernment to my 
dear Heir Springett Penn, of which the first named to 
preside according to Charter, &: in case of ye decease 



PREPARATIONS FOR DEPARTURE. 1 65 

of my Heir before he comes of Age, then to ye next 
successively till of Age. Strictly charging all persons 
that they yield you ye same Obedience in ye Discharge 
of your Trust as if I myself were living or ye Minor 
were of Age, Charging you also before God, Angels 
and Men, that directly or indirectly you Act nothing 
to ye Injury of his Right or to ye Detriment of ye 
People, but that with wisdome you preserve ye Union 
of their Interests to ye mutual Joy & Benefit of }'e 
Governr & Governmt to ye best of your skill, 
& in case any of you should decease or remove from 
ye Province before my Heir come of Age, that then 
those that survive or remain shall chuse one in his 
stead for ye service aforesaid. Given at Philadelphia 
ye Seventh day of ye Sixth Month, One Thousand 
Six Hundred and Eighty Four, being ye Thirty Sixth 
year of ye King's Reign & ye Fourth of my Gov- 
ernment. ( I .) 

Wm. Penn." 

Mention has been made of Nicholas More, presi- 
dent of the Society of Free Traders, who arrived here 
in 9th month, 1682, and who held several important 
offices. A warrant was granted him the 5th of iith 
month of said year, for 9,<Si5 acres which was located 
and the deed given by Penn on the 7th of 6th month, 
1684, and called by him the Manor of Moreland. By 
the conditions of his patent, Nicholas More, and his 
heirs and successors, were recjuired to pay forever 



1 66 \VM. PEXN IX AMERICA. 

unto the Proprietary, and his heirs and successors, a 
silver EngHsh shilHng for every one hundred acres 
annually as quitrent. This payment was equivalent to 
the interest of S375 at six per cent. About 1685 the 
Chief Justice commenced the erection of buildings, 
on the eastern part of his tract, near the present village 
of Somerton, and where he also built a mansion house, 
calling the place Green Spring. After his death in 
1688, his heirs continued selling off portions of the 
estate to actual settlers and others, that much the 
greater portion was sold before 1720. This tract re- 
tained its name of Manor of Moreland for a century, 
or till the erection of Montgomery county in 1784, 
when it became divided into two townships of the 
name, one of which was left to Philadelphia. 

Before his departure, Penn was called upon to settle 
an important question concerning the interests of 
Philadelphia. This was in relation to the front lots on 
the river Delaware. As has been stated, he reserved 
the river bank for the use of the public, and as con- 
ducing to the health of the city. Those who owned 
the lots adjoining on the westward, claimed also the 
right to build vaults or stores on the aforesaid, oppo- 
site their property. He decided that they had no 
more right to build there than those living elsewhere 
in the city, and that he designed the same as a public 
walk and for the common benefit forever. 

On the 14th, Penn held a meeting of his Council at 
Lewis, near Cape Henlopen, Sussex county, and where 



PREPARATIONS FOR DEPARTURE. 1 67 

we know by the following document addressed to T. 
Holme, Surveyor General, that he remained there at 
least till the i6th: 

" William Penn, Proprietary and Governor of the 
Province of Pennsylvania and the Territories thereunto 
belonging. At the request of Ralph P'retwell and 
Company, that I would grant him to take up a Tract 
of Land either in the County of Chester or Philadel- 
phia on Schuylkill. These are to require thee to sur- 
vey unto him, if in the County of Chester so much 
Land there, not under Ten Miles and not exceeding 
Twelve Miles square, and if on Schuylkill beginning 
on the hither end of the long Island called Barbadoes 
and to run upward on each side of Schuylkill six 
miles* on the Water side, not to go less backward than 
Seven Miles, nor to exceed Twelve on each side where 
not already taken up according to the Method of 
Townships, and make returns thereof unto my Secre- 
tary's office. Given at Lewis ye i6th, 6th mo. 1684." 

It is surprising that the island of Barbadoes at 
Norristown should at this early period already have 
borne this name which it has ever since retained. It 
indicates likewise an earlier acquaintance along the 
Schuylkill than would have been otherwise supposed, 
and it was very probably visited by Penn in one of his 
journeys. 

The Proprietary had made arrangements to take his 



1 68 \VM. PEXX IX AMERICA. 

passage in the ketch or brig Endeavour of London, 
George Thorp, master ; who had made a pre\'ious trip 
to Philadelphia in September of last year. It is 
possible that he embarked on the i6th, or the follow- 
ing day when he communicated from on board for 
those he left behind an affectionate valedictory. It 
was addressed " For Thomas Lloyd, J. Claypoole, J. 
Simcock, Ch. Taylor and James Harrison, to be com- 
municated in meetings in Pennsylvania, &c., among 
Friends." The whole may be seen in Proud (vol. I. p. 
189), from which we select the following extracts: 

"Dear Friends, My love and my life is to you, and 
with you ; and no water can quench it, nor distance 
wear it out, or, bring it to an end. I have been with 
you, cared over you, and served }^ou with unfeigned 
love ; and you are beloved of me, and near to me, 
beyond utterance. I bless you, in the name and power 
of the Lord; and may God bless you with his right- 
eousness, peace and plenty, all the land over. And 
thou, Philadelphia, the virgin settlement of this prov- 
ince, named before thou wert born, what love, what 
care, what service, and what travail has there been, to 
bring thee forth, and preserve thee from such as would 
abuse and defile thee. So dear friends, my love again 
salutes you all, wishing that grace, mercy and peace, 
with all temporal blessings, may abound richly among 
you ; so says, so prays, your friend and lover in the 
truth. William Pexx." 



SAFE ARRIVAL IX ENGLAND. 1 69 

" From on board the Ketch Endeavour, the Sixth 
month, 1684." 

Clarkson says that "The day on which he sailed 
was the twelfth of August," which error I find has 
been copied by one or two others. 

The Council met at New Castle on the i8th, Thomas 
Lloyd, president, and the following members present: 
Wm. Welch, James Harrison, John Simcock, Thomas 
Holme, and Edmond Cantwell. A commission from 
the Governor was -read, authorizing the Provincial 
Council to act in his place, and Thomas Lloyd to be 
president of the same, who was commissioned to have 
charge of the great seal. 

After a voyage of about forty-seven days, Penn 
landed at Wonder in Sussex, within seven miles of his 
house at Worminghurst. From a letter to his steward, 
James Harrison, at Pennsbury, dated from said place 
the 7th of 8th month, '84, he says, " Last Sixth day 
being the 3d inst., I got safe to my family, and found 
them all well to my joy in the Lord." We extract 
from the same some additional information: 

" Phil. Lemain* has, most carelessly, left behind the 
York papers that Thomas Lloyd brought, and should 
have come as the ground and very strength of my 
coming. He would not have done me a worse injury, 
nor balked a greater service, if he had the bribe of 
;{^iOOO to do it. W^herefore let him be quickened to 



* Philip Theodore Lehman was his private secretary, died in 1687. 



I/O \VM. PENN IX AMERICA. 

send them by the first ship that comes out of Mary- 
land or Virginia. Let Thomas Lloyd step to York 
and get fresh affidavits of the three men that can 
swear the Dutch possession of river and bay, before 
Baltimore's patents in the governor's presence and 
under the great seal of the province. 

"By East come wine and strong beer ; let the beer 
be sold for as much profit as is reasonable, and some 
of the wine. Some may be kept for me, especially 
sack and such like, to be better for age. There are 
seeds for Ralph, value here four pounds and odd 
money. By an Irish ship comes value 150 pounds 
in provisions, butter, cheese, beer, shoes, &c. Let 
Ralph follow his garden, and get the yards fenced 
in, and doors to them. Expect news and further di- 
rections by the next ship. I have sent some walnuts 
for Ralph to set, and other seeds of our own that are 
rare and good. Quicken T. Lloyd and P. Lemain as 
aforesaid. Farewell in the love of God." 

Though written, as will be noticed, but four days 
after his arrival home, the aforesaid shows his extraor- 
dinary activity in setting about his business, not only 
in securing things for his Pennsbury estate, but also in 
attending to and advancing his other interests. This 
certainly shows that he was a man of persevering and 
industrious habits. 

We learn from his " Apology for Himself," published 
in the Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsyl- 



SAFE ARRIVAL IN ENGLAND. I7I 

vania (vol. III., part II., p. 235), that on his arrival 
home " after some days of refreshment," he says, " I 
went to wait upon the King and Duke, then both at 
New Market, who received me very graciously, as did 
the ministers very civilly." 

As soon as he could secure the requisite leisure from 
his public and private duties, he did not forget to write 
to Margaret, the widow of his celebrated friend George 
Fox, residing at Swarthmoor Hall, announcing his 
safe return and briefly touching on his American ex- 
periences. Dixon in his Biography alludes to this let- 
ter, which has been preserved in the Thirnbeck col- 
lection of old manuscripts at Bristol. We give the fol- 
lowing as the most interesting extracts from the same : 

"London, 29th, 8th mo., 1684. 

" Dear M. Fox. Whom my heart loveth and hon- 
oureth in the Lord, remembering thee in the ancient 
love and path of Hfe which is most glorious in mine 
eyes ; yea, excellent above all visible things. Dear 
Margaret, herein it is I enjoy the fellowship of thy spirit 
above time and distance, floods, and many waters. It 
is now a few days above three weeks since I arrived 
well in my native land. It was within seven miles of 
my own house that we landed. I found my dear wife 
and her children well, to the overcoming of my heart 
because of the mercies of the Lord to us. 

" I have not missed a meal's meat or a night's rest 
since I went out of the country, and wonderfully hath 



1/2 \VM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

the Lord preserved me through many troubles in the 
settlements I have made, both as to the government 
and the soil. I find many wrong stories let in of me, 
even by some I love ; but blessed be the Lord, they 
are the effects of envy. Our meetings are blessed, and 
I think there are eighteen in number in the province. 
I have seen the King and the Duke. They and their 
nobles were very kind to me, and I hope the Lord will 
make way for me in their hearts, in order to serve His 
suffering people as well as my own interest." I 



ACCOUNT OF HIS PROVINCE. 1 73 



CHAPTER XVI. 

PENN WRITES AND HAS PUBLISHED ANOTHER AC- 
COUNT OF HIS PROVINCE. 

No sooner had the Proprietary got fairly settled 
down and his most urgent business dispatched, than he 
set himself earnestly to work in his intervals of leisure 
to make out another and more complete account of 
his beloved province. In about fourteen months after 
his return he had ready for the press, and appeared in 
an octavo pamphlet of twenty pages. Its title is " A 
Further Accountjof the Province of Pennsylvania and 
its Improvements. For the Satisfaction of those that 
are adventurers, and inclined to be so." It is dated 
from " Worminghurst-Place, I2th of the loth Month, 
'85," and signed with his name. The original pam- 
phlet must now be rare, the writer having met with but 
one. It was republished at London two years after in 
" The Present State of His Majesty's lies and Terri- 
tories in America," by Richard Blome. It is quite in- 
teresting, and contains considerable statistical matter 
that is not to be found in^any previous publication. 
By these works Penn certainly deserv-es a place 
amongst the earl\' writers on America, in fact, it ap- 



174 ^"^'^I- PEXX IX AMERICA. 

pears to have escaped his biographers, who at any rate 
have given but Httle attention to his struggles and 
plans at colonization, and for which the numerous de- 
scendants of his colonists owe him gratitude. We 
have carefully gone over this work and prepared there- 
from the following abstract in his own language suffi- 
cient for this chapter : 

" It has, I know, been much expected from me, that 
I should give some farther narrative of those parts of 
America, where I am chiefly interested, and have lately 
been ; having continued there above a year after my 
former relation, and receiving since my return, the 
freshest and fullest advices of its progress and improve- 
ment. But as the reason of my coming back, was a 
difference between the Lord Baltimore and myself, 
about the lands of Delaware, in consequence, reputed 
of mighty moment to us, so I waived publishing any- 
thing that might look in favour of the country or in- 
viting to "it, whilst it lay under the discouragement and 
disreputation of that Lord's claims and pretences. 

" But since they are, after many fair and full hear- 
ings, before the Lords of the Committee for Planta- 
tions justly and happily dismissed, and the things 
agreed ; and that the letters that daily press me from 
all parts, on the subject of America, and are so volu- 
minous, that to answer them severally, were a task too 
heavy, and repeated to perform, I have thought it most 
easy to the inquirer, as well as to myself, to make this 



4 



4 



ACCOUNT OF HIS PROVINCE. 1/5 

account public, lest my silence, or a more private inti- 
mation of things, should disoblige the just inclinations 
of any to America, and at a time too, when an extra- 
ordinary Providence seems to favour its plantation, and 
open a door to Europeans to pass thither. That then 
which is my part to do in this advertisement is. First 
to relate our progress, especially since my last of the 
month called August, '83. Secondly, the capacity of 
the place for further improvement, in order to trade and 
commerce. Lastly, which way those are adventurers, 
or incline to be so, may employ their money to a fair 
and secure profit ; such as shall encourage poor and 
rich, which cannot fail of advancing the country in 
consequence. 

" We have had about ninety sail of ships with pas- 
sengers since the be^innins;; of '82, and not one vessel, 
designed to the province through God's mercy, hith- 
erto miscarried. The estimate of the people may be 
thus made ; eighty to each ship, which comes to seven 
thousand two hundred persons. At least a thousand 
there before, with such as from other places in our 
neighbourhood are since come to reside among us ; and 
I presume the births at least equal to the burials. The 
people are a collection of divers nations in Europe : as, 
P^rench, Dutch, Germans, Swedes, Danes, Finns, 
Scotch-Irish, and English ; and of the last equal to all 
the rest. 

" Philadelphia our intended metropolis, as I formerly 
wrote, is two miles long, and a mile broad, and at each 



1/6 \VM. PEXX IN AMERICA. 

end it lies a mile upon a navigable river. The situa- 
tion high and dry, yet replenished with running 
streams. Besides the High street that runs in the 
middle from river to river, and is a hundred feet broad, 
it has eight streets more that run the same course, the 
least of which is fifty feet in breadth. And besides 
Broad street, which crosses the town in the middle, 
and is also a hundred feet wide, there are twenty 
streets more, that run the same course, and are also fifty 
feet broad. The names of those streets are mostly taken 
from the things that spontaneously grow in the country. 
" I mentioned in my last account, that from my 
arrival in '82, to the date thereof, being ten months, we 
had got up four-score houses at our town, and that 
some villages were settled about it. From that time to 
my coming away, which was a year within a few 
weeks, the town advanced to three hundred and fifty- 
seven houses ; divers of them, large, well built, with 
good cellars, three stories, and some with balconies. 
There are two markets every week and two fairs every 
year. In other places markets also, as at Chester and 
New Castle. Some vessels have been here built, and 
many boats ; divers brickerys going on, and some 
brick houses going up. The improvements of the place 
is best measured, by the advance of value upon every 
man's lot. I will venture to say, that the worst lot in 
the town, without any improvements upon it, is worth 
four times more than it was when it was laid out, and 
the best forty. 



I 



ACCOUNT OF HIS PROVINCE. 1 7/ 

" Of country settlements I had in my view, society, 
assistance, easy commerce, instruction of youth, govern- 
ment of people's manners, conveniency of religious as- 
sembling, encouragement of mechanics, distinct and 
beaten roads, and it has answered in all these respects, 
I think to all universal content. I said nothing in my 
last of any number of townships, but there were at 
least fifty settled before my leaving those parts, which 
was in the month called August, 1684. I mention 
this to confute the objections that lie against those 
parts, as if that, first, English grass would not grow ; 
next not enough to mow ; and lastly not firm enough 
to feed, from the levity of the mould. 

"Of the produce of our waters. _ Allocs, as they call 
them in France, the Jews allice, and our ignorants, 
shads, are excellent fish, and of the bigness of our 
largest carp. They are so plentiful, that Captain 
Smith's overseer, at the Schuylkill, drew six hundred 
and odd at one draught, three hundred is no wonder, 
one hundred familiarly. They are excellent pickled 
or smoked as well as boiled fresh. They are caught 
by nets only. There is so great an increase in grain, 
by the diligent application of people to husbandry, that 
within three years, some plantations have got twenty- 
acres in corn, some forty, some fifty. 

" It is fit now, that I give some advertisement to 
adventurers, which way they may lay out their money 
to best advantage, so as it may yield them fair returns, 
12 



178 \VM. PEXX IN AMERICA. 

and with content to all concerned, which is the last part 
of my present task ; and I must needs say so much 
wanting, that it has perhaps given some occasion to 
ignorance and prejudice to run without mercy, measure 
or distinction against America, of which Pennsyhania 
to be sure has had its share. 

" Many stories have been prejudicially propagated, 
as if we were upon ill terms with the natives, and some- 
times, like Job's kindred, all are cut off but the mes- 
senger that brought the tidings. I think it requisite 
to say this much, that as there never was any such 
messenger, so the dead people were alive, at our last 
advices. So far are we from ill terms with the natives, 
that we have lived in great friendship, I have made 
seven purchases, and in pay and presents they have re- 
ceived at least twelve hundred pounds of me. Our 
humanity has obligeci them so far, that they generally 
leave their guns at home, when they come to oui 
settlements ; they offer us no affront, not so much as 
to one of our dogs. If any of them break our laws,' 
they submit to be punished by them, and to this they 
have tied themselves by an obligation under their 
hands. We leave not the least indignity to them un- 
rebuked, nor wrong unsatisfied. Justice gains and 
awes them. They have some great men amongst 
them, I mean for wisdom, truth and justice. 

" The government is according to the words of the 
grant as near to the English as conveniently may be. 
In the whole, we aim at duty to the King, the preser- 



ACCOUNT OF HIS PROVINCE. 1 79 

vation of rights to all, the suppression of vice and 
encouragement of virtue and arts; with liberty to all 
people to worship Almighty God, according to their 
faith and persuasion. 

" Though ships go hence at all times of the year, it 
must be acknowledged, that to go so as to arrive at 
spring or lall is best. I propose therefore, that ships 
go hence about the middle of the months called Feb- 
ruary and August, which allowing two months for 
passage, reaches time enough to plant in the spring 
such things as are carried hence, and in the fall to Q-et 
a small cottage, and clear some land against the next 
spring. I have made a discovery of about one hun- 
dred miles west, and find those back lands richer in 
soil, wood and fountains, than that by Delaware; 
especially upon the Susquehanna river. 

" I must confess I prefer the fall to come hither, 
believing it is more healthy to be followed with winter 
than summer; though, through the great goodness 
and mercy of God, we have had an extraordinary 
portion of health, for so new and numerous a colony. 
The passage is not to be set by any man ; for ships 
will be quicker or slower. Some have been four 
months, and some but one and as often. Generally 
between six and nine weeks. One year, of four and 
twenty sail, I think, there was not three above nine, 
and there was one or two under six weeks in passage. 

"And because some have urged my coming back, 
as an argument against the place, and the probability 



l8o WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

of its improvement ; adding, that I would for that 
reason never return. I think fit to say, that next sum- 
mer God wilHng, I intend to go back, and carry my 
family, and the best part of my personal estate with 
me. And this I do, not only of duty, but inclination 
and choice. God will bless and prosper poor 
America. 

" Now for you that think of going thither, I have this 
to say, by way of caution ; if an hair of our head falls 
not to the ground, without the providence of God, 
remember, your removal is of greater moment. 
Wherefore have a due reverence and regard to his 
good Providence, as becomes a people that profess a 
belief in Providence. Go clear in yourselves, and of 
all others. Be moderate in expectation, count on 
labor before a crop, and cost before gain, for such per- 
sons will best endure difficulties, if they come, and 
bear the success, as well as find the comfort that 
usually follow such considerate undertakings." 



OPINIONS OF PENN's LABORS. I 8 I 



CHAPTER XVII. 

OPINIONS RESPECTING THE RESULTS OF PENN's LABORS 
IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF HIS COLONY. 

We propose in this chapter to give the opinions of 
various persons respecting the results of the Proprie- 
tary's labors, from near the time of his grant in i68i 
till his return to the province in October, 1699. Few 
we can say have earned such encomiums as we here 
present, bestowed voluntarily from the time that he 
was Still amongst men in active life till near this day. 
Such tributes to the worthy tend to exalt human nature, 
and show that mankind are not altogether ungrateful, 
or else such actions would soon pass to oblivion. 

" Mr. Penn," remarks Oldmixon (British Emp. in 
America, 1708), "staid in Pennsylvania two years, and 
A\'ould not then have removed to England, had not the 
persecution against the Dissenters raged violently, that 
he could not think of enjoying peace in America, while 
his brethren in England were so cruelly dealt with in 
Europe. He knew he had an interest in the Court of 
England, and was willing to employ it for the safety, 
ease and welfare of his friends ; so having made a 



1 82 WM. PENN IX AMERICA. 

league of amity with nineteen Indian nations, between 
them and all the English in America, having estab- 
lished good laws, and seen his capital so well inhabited, 
that there were then near three hundred houses and 
2500 souls in it, besides twenty other townships, he 
returned to England leaving the administration in the 
hands of the Council, whose President was Thomas 
Llo)-d, Esq. who by virtue of office held the govern- 
ment several years, though he had no commission 
then to be Deputy or Lieutenant Governor ; Mr. Penn 
kept the chief government always to himself, as Lord 
Proprietary. What service this gentleman did the 
Quakers, in King James' reign, and how far that prince 
gave him his ear, is well known to all that are ac- 
quainted with the history of those times, still fresh in 
our memories." 

Richard Townsend, a fellow passenger in the IVf/- 
cojiic, in his Testimony written about 1727, says, "As 
our worthy Proprietor treated the Indians with extraor- 
dinary humanity, they became very civil and loving to 
us, and brought in abundance of venison. As in other 
countries, the Indians were exasperated by hard treat- 
ment, which hath been the foundation of much blood- 
shed, so the contrary treatment here hath produced 
their love and affection." Oldmixon in 1708 estimated 
the Indians residing within the limits of the province 
at about 6000, composed of " ten nations." 

" Ju.stice cannot be done the character of Penn," 
remarks Armstrong (Address before the Historical 



OPINIONS OF PENN's LABORS. I S3 

Society of Pennsylvania, Nov. 8, 185 1), "unless 
we view it in contrast with the age in which he lived. 
He foresaw the progress of freedom, and displayed no 
less courage, than sagacity. For the doctrines we have 
just quoted, were the terror of the very king from 
whom he received his charter; their practical enforce- 
ment overturned the throne of his father, and were the 
warrant for his trial and execution ; and yet they were 
published and avowed by Penn ; and framed with the 
assistance of the lamented Sidney, whose life the gov- 
ernment had then determined, if possible, to take, and 
who, two years afterwards, for asserting upon paper, the 
same principles of republican liberty, perished on the 
scaffold. Perhaps no branch of inquir\- has been so 
much the subject of theory as the science of govern- 
ment. But few of those who have thought about it, 
have had the misfortune to suffer, to the full extent, 
the infliction of the evils they strove to remedy, or 
the good fortune to realize their cherished specula- 
tions. Penn had both. A Charles was on the throne ; 
Locke had not written his glorious letters on tolera- 
tion ; the revolution had not taken place ; the people, 
benumbed, as it were, by the political convulsions 
through which the\' had just passed, slumbered, so 
that no oppression, however enormous, seemed suffi- 
cient to arouse them. Our Proprietary was therefore 
eminently fitted for the task which Providence had 
assigned him. Mark how broadly he lays the founda- 
tions of relieious freedom. 



184 \VM. FENX IN AMERICA. 

" The stay of the Proprietary at this time was too 
brief for his own interests, and those of his colonists. 
But he remained long enough to leave the impress of wise 
legislation. His devotion to the principles of peace with 
all men — his hatred of superstition and religious persecu- 
tion — and his humanity to the Indian, were in grateful 
contrast with the conduct of other colonies. As to 
his uniform treatment of the Indians, we regard the 
fact that not one of that race was ever known to shed, 
within our borders, the blood of a member of the So- 
ciety of Friends, except in two instances, where there 
was reason to suppose they had forsaken their peace- 
ful principles, as a signal proof of the soundness of his 
policy towards them." 

" Returning from America in 1684," says James 
Parton, " he arrived in time to witness the accession to 
the throne of James II, his father's friend, and his 
own. Then was presented the strange spectacle, upon 
which Macauley descants so bitterly, of the great 
Quaker high in favor at the court of a Catholic king. 
It has not been shown, however, that Penn used his 
court favor for any but humane purposes. At his in- 
tercession the King released from prison thirteen hun- 
dred Quakers, confined for conscience sake; and at the 
same time the King set at liberty a still greater number 
of Catholics, some of whom had been in prison for years. 
Crowds surrounded the door and followed the foot- 
steps of the Quaker favorite, asking his influence with 
the King. He experienced the usual lot of a favorite. 



opixioxs OF penn's labors. 185 

in being enx'ied and traduced. He told his slanderers 
that the King had been his father's friend from of old, 
and that his father, on his death-bed, had obtained 
from the King a promise that he would protect his son 
from the inconveniences arising from his religious per- 
suasion. ' I say,' he wrote, ' that when this is all con- 
sidered, anybody that has the least pretense to good 
nature, gratitude, or generosity, must needs know how 
to interpret my access to the King.' " 

" Meantime," says Bancroft (Hist. U. S.), "the news 
spread abroad, that William Penn, the. Quaker, had 
opened ' an as}'lum to the good and oppressed of every 
nation ; ' and humanity went through Europe, gather- 
ing the children of misfortune. From England and 
Wales, from Scotland and Ireland, and the Low Coun- 
tries, emigrants crowded to the land of promise. On 
the banks of the Rhine, it was whispered that the 
plans of Gustavus Adolphus and Oxenstiern were con- 
summated ; new companies were formed under better 
auspices than those of the Swedes ; and from the 
highlands above Worms, the humble people who had 
melted at the eloquence of Penn, the Quaker emissary, 
renounced their German homes for the protection of 
the Quaker king. There is nothing in the history of 
the human race like the confidence which the simple 
virtues and institutions of William Penn inspired. 
The progress of his province was more rapid than the 
progress of New England. In three years from its 
foundation, Philadelphia gained more than New York 



1 86 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

had done in half a century. This was the happiest 
season in the public life of William Penn. ' I must, 
without vanity, say ' — such was his honest exultation 
— ' I have led the greatest colony into America that 
ever any man did upon a private credit, and the most 
prosperous beginnings that ever were in it, are to be 
found among us.'" The aforesaid estimated the popu- 
lation of Pennsylvania and Delaware in 1688 at 
12,000. 

Upon the publication of his Frame of Government 
and Proposals, " many respectable families (Art. Penn, 
Amer. Ency.) removed to the new province ; the city 
of Philadelphia was laid out upon the banks of the 
Delaware; and in 1682, the proprietor visited his 
newly acquired territory, where he remained about 
two years, adjusting its concerns, and establishing 
a friendly intercourse with his colonial neighbors ; 
during which period no less than fifty sail arrived with 
settlers from England, Ireland, Wales, Holland, and 
Germany. Soon after Penn returned to England, 
King Charles died ; and the respect which James II 
bore to the late Admiral, who had recommended his 
son to his favor, procured him free access at court. 
He made use of this advantage to solicit the discharge 
of his persecuted brethren, fifteen hundred of whom 
remained in prison at the decease of the late King." 

01dmixon,who enjoyed a personal acquaintance, ex- 
presses the opinion that Penn " was generous and free 
of his thoughts and expressions, which were not al- 



OPINIONS OF PENN's LABORS. 1 8/ 

wa\'s sufficiently guarded ; and after the Revolution, he 
became suspected, on account of his great access to 
the abdicated King, who was then Duke of York." 
There may be truth in this and which led to his sub- 
sequent arrest, so natural to great minds in their ex- 
pressions regarding right and wrong. 

Ellis, in speaking of his departure, remarks (Life of 
Penn) that " He had witnessed high prosperity, and 
the promises of yet greater all around him, beneath 
the gentle influences of his government. He had, 
for the most part, industrious, pure, and religious men 
and women for his helpers. When he returned to 
England, there were about seven thousand people and 
three hundred houses on his patent." 

"Soon after," says Thomas Clarkson, " he sailed — to 
the regret of the whole colony ; to the regret of the 
Dutch, Swedes and Germans, whom he had admitted 
into full citizenship with the rest, and who had found 
in him an impartial Governor and a kind friend ; — to 
the regret of the Indians, who had been overcome by 
his love, care, and concern for them ; and to the regret 
of his own countrymen, who had partaken more or less 
of that generosity which was one of the mo.st promi- 
nent features of his character. And here I may ob- 
serve, with respect to his generosity, that the whole 
colony had experienced it ; for it ought never to be 
forgotten, that when the first Assembly offered him an 
impost on a variety of goods both imported and ex- 
ported (which impost in a course of years would have 



1 88 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

become a large revenue of itself), he nobly refused it ; 
thus showing that his object in coming among them 
was not that of his own aggrandizement but for the 
promotion of a public good." 

" At the time of his return," remarks James Bow- 
den (Hist. Friends in America, London, 1854, vol. II. 
p. 11), "from Pennsylvania, in the summer of 1684, 
the city could number three hundred and fifty-seven 
houses, ' divers of them', he says, ' large and well built 
with cellars ; ' and at least fifty townships had been 
settled. In little more than two years from its settle- 
ment, ninety ships, bringing, according to the estimate 
of William Penn, an average of eighty passengers in 
each, or in all seven thousand two hundred, had ar- 
rived in the colony, these together with the previous 
colonists and those from the adjacent settlements, gave 
a population of about nine thousand to the province. 

" In three years from its foundation Philadelphia 
had gained more than New York had done in half a 
century, and the progress of the province was more 
rapid than even New England. Already schools had 
been established, and the printing press was at work, 
sowing broadcast the seeds of morality and religion. 
In the Tenth month, 1683, Enoch Flower, in a dwell- 
ing formed of pine and cedar planks, commenced the 
work of education; his terms being 'to learn to read, 
four shillings a quarter; to write, six shillings; board- 
ing scholars, to wit — diet, lodging, washing and 
schooling, ten pounds the whole year.' One of the 



OPINIONS OF PENN's LABORS. 1 89 

earliest productions of the printing press was an epistle 
by John Burnyeat, in 1686. In New England the 
press was not in operation until eighteen years after its 
settlement. In New York seventy-three years elapsed 
before any book or paper *was printed, and in North 
Carolina a still longer period." 

From an Address by Peter S. Du Ponceau, on the 
Early History of Pennsylvania, delivered June 6th, 
1 82 1, before the American Philosophical Society, we 
select the following eloquent extract: 

" But I must leave it to the future historian to 
delineate the character of a legislator who never had 
a model, and who, though crowned with success, will 
probably never have an imitator. He will describe 
the state of this country, during the two years of that 
great man's residence here after his arrival, he will tell us 
how a legislature was formed and assembled within 
six weeks at most after his landing, whos,e first act was 
to recognize as brethren all who believed in one God, 
the upholder and ruler of the universe ; how a code of 
laws was enacted in three days, founded on the. 
genuine principles of religion, justice and morality ; he 
will show the territory which now forms the state 
of Delaware, united to this province in legislation as 
well as in government, the friendship of the Indians 
secured, large territories obtained of them by fair and 
honourable purchase, a noble city founded, and its walls 
rapidly rising as it were by enchantment, the country 
increasing in population and wealth, and enjoying lui- 



IQO WM. PEXX IX AMERICA. 

disturbed peace, prosperity, and happiness, until his 
absence showed how much all these things were due 
to the immediate operation of his powerful mind." A 
legislator who never had a model, and who, though 
crowned with success, will probably never have an 
imitator. A passage worthy of repetition. 

Robert Turner, in a letter to Penn dated Philadelphia, 
3d of 6th month, 1685, says, " Now as to the town of 
Philadelphia it goeth on in planting and building to 
admiration, both in the front and backward, and there 
are about six hundred houses in three years time. 
The manufacture of linen b\' the Germans goes on 
finely, and they make fine linen: Samuel Carpenter 
having been lately there, declares they had gathered 
one crop of flax, and had sowed for the second, and 
saw it come up well. I thought fit to signify thus 
much, knowing thou wouldst be glad to hear of the 
people and province's welfare ; the Lord preserve us 
all, and make w-ay for thy return, which is much de- 
sired, not only by our Friends, but all sorts." 

Gabriel Thomas who arrived in the province a few 
months after the Proprietary, and resided here fifteen 
years when he returned to London, where he had pub- 
lished a small octavo pamphlet of 34 pages, entitled 
"An Historical and Geographical Account of the Pro- 
vince and Country of Pennsylvania; and of West New 
Jersey." For its size contains considerable information 
relatine to those colonies at that time. He dedicated 



OPINIONS OF FENN S LABORS. I9I 

it "to the most noble and excellent Governour Friend 
William Penn." 

"While the colonists of Pennsylvania," remarks 
Janney, " were busily and happily engaged in clearing 
their grounds, erecting their habitations and houses for 
worship, establishing meetings, and enjoying all the 
blessings of civil and religious liberty; their sympathies 
were awakened by the sufferings of their brethren in 
Great Britain, who were subjected to the severest per- 
secution. The laws against non-conformists continued 
to be enforced with rigour, persons who met peaceably 
for the performance of divine worship were persecuted 
as rioters, their meetings were broken up by armed 
troops, and many hundreds of men and women, sepa- 
rated from their families, were confined in noisome 
prisons, where some had remained for years, and others 
were released only by death." A few days after Penn's 
return, as we learn from his letter to Margaret Fox, in 
alluding to his visit to the King, the Duke and princi- 
pal nobles, says, " I hope the Lord will make way for 
me in their hearts, in order to serve His suffering people 
as well as my own interest." 

We will conclude this subject, which could be 
greatly extended, with the following extracts taken 
from a sketch of Penn, published in the " Friends' 
Moral Almanac " for the year 1872 : 

"The code of laws which Penn prepared for the 
pro\-ince was exalted in aim, comprehensive in scope ; 



192 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

yet with slender exceptions, its details were marvel- 
lously practical, and if he had not the genius of the 
ruler, he had, as few have had, the genius of the legis- 
lator. The work of organization under Penn's vigorous 
and sagacious guidance rapidly proceeded. A few 
Swedes and Dutch had previously settled in Penn- 
sylvania, but colonists from most various regions of 
the Old World now poured in. Universal toleration 
was proclaimed, a charter of liberties was solemnly 
consecrated and a democratic government was estab- 
lished. In his dealings with the Indians and their 
chiefs, Penn manifested his accustomed magnanimity 
and justice. The capital city Philadelphia, was planned 
on a scale commensurate with Pennsylvania's expected 
greatness. Penn's family was in England. Hearing 
that his wife was ill ; hearing that his friend Algernon 
Sidney had perished on the scaffold ; hearing that the 
fury of fanaticism was rivalling with the fury of vice; 
he, intrusting his unfinished undertakings to such men 
as he deemed competent, hurried anxiously back." 

" During the reign of James II, Penn was con- 
tinually at court, yet from no selfish or servile reasons. 
James had been his father's friend, and he had always 
been glad and prompt to help Penn himself He 
therefore entered the palace that he might give the 
King wise counsels tending towards mercy. The 
overthrow of James (near the close of 1688) was in 
more than one respect a misfortune to Penn. In the 
spring of 1690 he was arrested on the charge of 



OPINIONS OF PENN S LABORS. 1 93 

holding treasonable correspondence with the dethroned 
monarch. The absurdity of the charge being glaringly 
evident he was set at liberty. Yet though his con- 
duct continued to be blameless, he was, by an order 
in council, stripped, third month, 14th, 1692, of his 
title to the Pennsylvania government, a tyrannical act 
involving his utter ruin ; for besides that he had risked 
his whole substance in the Pennsylvania experiment, 
his estates, both in England and Ireland, had been 
grievously mismanaged by incompetent or dishonest 
overseers. An order in council capriciously restored 
to Penn, in 1694, that Government of which they had 
robbed him." 



13 



194 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. SEVERAL MATTERS 

ABOUT PENN AND PENSBURY. 

In his letter to Margaret Fox, dated London 29th 
of 8th month, 1684 ; a few weeks after his return, 
Penn states, " Our meetings are blessed, and I think 
there are eighteen in the province." After giving some 
attention to the matter we infer that the exact number 
at that time was eighteen, of which five were in the 
present limits of Philadelphia, three in Montgomery- 
county, six in Delaware, one in Chester and four in 
Bucks. These constituted eight Monthly meetings 
called Philadelphia, Chester, Abington, Concord, 
Darby, Radnor, Falls and Neshaminy or Middletown. 
These were comprised in three Quarterly meetings, 
called Philadelphia, formed in 1682, Chester in 1683, 
and Bucks in 1684. 

This shows an extrao<'dinary increase in two years, 
as previous to the Proprietary's arrival meetings had 
been held only at three places, namely at Upland, Falls 
and Shackamaxon in private houses. This, of course, 
had been greatly aided by persecution in the parent 
country and which was still to bring thousands more. 



THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 1 95 

So numerous were the Friends in Philadelphia in 1684, 
that it has been stated (Hazard's Register of Pennsyl- 
vania, vol. X., p. 92) that the usual attendance at First 
day meetings was about eight hundred, which is re- 
remarkable when we consider the various difficulties 
incident to the opening of a new country in the 
wilderness. 

Robert Turner* in a letter to Penn dated Philadel- 
phia, 3d of 6th mo, 1685, says, "We are now laying 
the foundation of a large plain brick house, for a Meet- 
ing house in the Centre, sixty feet long and forty broad, 
and hope to have it up soon, many hearts and hands 
at work will do it. A large Meeting house, fifty feet 
long and thirty-eight broad, also going up on the front 
of the river for an evening meeting, the work going on 
apace." Penn gave a lot of ground for a Meeting 
house at Falls, Bucks county, in 1683, but we believe 
none was erected thereon till 1690, which the records 
tell us was built of brick, twenty-five by twenty feet in 
size and not finished till in the spring of 1692. The 
Neshaminy or Middletown Meeting house was built 
about the same time. All meetings for worship in 
Bucks county were previously held in private houses. 

William Rawle, in his Address delivered be- 
fore the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, No- 
vember 5th, 1825, pays this compliment to the 
early Friends. " There departure from their native 

* A merchant from Dublin, one of the proprietors in 1681 of East New Jersey, 
died in 1701. 



196 WM. PEXN IN AMERICA. 

lands was unrestrained and almost unnoticed. In 
quietness they embarked and in quietness they landed. 
Here they encountered no embittered foe, they met 
no herds of indiijnant natives thronging to resist them, 
for the natives were already partially acquainted \\ith 
Englishmen, and with this particular description of 
Englishmen. Several years before the date of William 
Penn's charter, the Society of Friends had begun to 
settle in New Jersey. They had fixed themselves at 
Salem and at Burlington, and the vessels which 
brought out additions to their numbers had occasion- 
ally stopped at New Castle, and at Shackamaxon, now 
Kensington. Many Swedish settlements between 
these points, including Chester and Tinicum, had 
already proved the tractable disposition of the natives, 
and all was harmony and peace between them.." 

" For many years," remarks Peter McCall in his 
Address (Historical Society, 1832), "the population of 
the colony was chiefly composed of members of the 
same religious denomination. Philadelphia was em- 
phatically a Quaker city — Pennsylvania a Quaker 
province ; and when their numbers and their import- 
ance receded before the flood of immigration, the 
memory of their services, and the influence of their 
virtues, enabled them still to sway the councils of the 
growing nation. They gave a tone to our manners, 
they gave a temper to our laws. The leading actors 
on the arena of public life, the objects of popular 
applause and proprietary favour, the Logans and the 



THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 1 97 

Lloyds, the Shippens and the Norris's, were prominent 
members of that Society. 

"The Founder himself afforded a striking illustra- 
tion of Verulam's beautiful remark, that ' virtue is like 
precious odours, most fragrant when they are incensed 
or crushed.' Twice expelled his paternal roof, and 
twice confined in the tower of London for his inflex- 
ible adherence to a prescribed sect, he maintained, 
through every \icissitude of fortune, a spirit which no 
tyranny could daunt. It would have been no difficult 
measure for the Quakers to have erected for them- 
selves an ecclesiastical superiority in Pennsylvania, 
long regarded as the peculiar asylum of their sect. 
But such aji establishment was equally hostile to their 
religious tenets and their political sentiments. Uni- 
versal liberty of conscience and equality of worship 
were made the corner-stone of their building, written 
in capitals on the final charter, and declared to be an 
indestructible element of the constitution of Pennsyl- 
vania." 

At a meeting of the Council held in Philadel- 
phia the 9th of iith month, 1685, Captain Thomas 
Holme was president and William Markham secre- 
tary ; we find mention in the minutes of a singular oc- 
currence. The Secretary reported to the Council that 
in the chronology of the Almanac of Samuel Atkins, 
printed by William Bradford, both of said place men- 
tion was made therein in these words, " the beginning 
of Government here by ye Lord Penn." Council sent 



igS WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

for the said Atkins and ordered him to blot out the 
words " Lord Penn ; " and Hkevvise for Bradford and 
gave him strict cliarge, " not to print any thing but 
what shall have Lycense from ye Councill." This is 
the only instance known to us of the Council inter- 
fering with the press. 

We find in the " Conditions and Consessions " 
agreed upon in England by Penn with "those who are 
adventurers and purchasers in the said province " July 
iith, 1681, the following in the seventeenth article : 
" That all shall mark their hogs, sheep, and other cattle, 
and what are not marked within three months after it 
is in their possession, be it young or old, it shall be 
forfeited to the governor, that so people may be com- 
pelled to avoid the occasion of much strife between 
planters." A law was passed in the beginning of 
1683 for the " Punishment of those that shall presume 
to alter their Neighbor's Eare or Brand Mark." 
Phineas Pemberton as clerk kept a record of all these 
marks for Bucks county, commencing with the year 
1684. The original of which, containing the names of 
one hundred and five persons with the peculiar marks 
belonging to each, has lately been presented to the 
Historical Society. The first entry by the Clerk reads 
"The marks of my cattle, P. P. the loth, 6 mo. 1684." 
Among others we find that of" William Penn Proprie- 
tary and Govrnr, His Earmarke, cropped on both 
P2ares. His Brandmarke on the nearor sholder Y^f " 
This record comes down to 1693, after which only a 



THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 1 99 

few transfers were made. Luke Brinsley was the 
" Rainger" whose duties were to see the enforcements 
of the laws relating thereto. In my researches I re- 
member meeting with a commission from Penn to one 
Roberts to be the Ranger of Philadelphia county, but 
had no date. It certainly belonged to this period. 

Penn appointed James Harrison at Lewis on the 
15th of 6th month, 1684, to be his steward at Penns- 
bury. This was but a day or two before his embarka- 
tion. Harrison having been there on the 14th at a 
meeting of the Council. The duties of this office 
embraced the oversight of "the servants, building, &c., 
and what relates to the place, to receive and pay, — 
take, and put away every servant ; — to receive all 
strangers, and to place as to lodgings." His wife was 
to " overlook the maids in the dairy, accountable for 
inferior matters to her." For this service, being merely 
" oversight " as Penn remarks, he offered to allow them 
" a couple of chambers and a horse, and besides meat, 
drink, washing and lodging, forty pounds the first 
year, and fifty ever after; which I conceive," he says, 
" will be a clear subsistance. I have truth and virtue 
in my eye for my family." 

From a letter sent to Harrison by Penn in England, 
dated 7th of the following 8th month, he mentions 
sending a variety of seeds for Ralph, the gardener, 
and directs him to set the walnuts, and have the yards 
fenced in. He forwards also to the steward, " provi- 
sions, butter, cheese, beer, shoes, &c." On the 12th 



200 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

of 1st month, 1686, Penn sends "Instructions" to 
William Markham, Thomas Ellis and John Good- 
son, in which he says, " I desire and order you to see 
that they are paid my inferior servants, that James 
Harrison my loving Steward emploj^s for that service, 
that so my family may be maintained, my improve- 
ments go on, and what is owing discharged. The last 
day of this month there will be two years due, which 
I expect to a farthing, for that is like to be my supply 
at last, and because my new rents are to be paid in 
money or silver, not in produce." He here makes 
reference to his quit-rents which for the entire county 
of Bucks was payable at Pennsbury, and in which they 
seem to have been very backward. At this early day 
it was no doubt expected to become a great place, for 
we find at a meeting of the Court in 1692, it was 
ordered that Pennsbury be erected into a separate 
township, but of which we hear nothing afterwards. 

James Harrison continued in the office of steward 
till his death, which took place the 6th of 8th month, 
1687, at the age of sixty-two years. John Sotcher 
succeeded him with Mary Lofty as housekeeper. It 
appears from Penn's correspondence that gardeners, 
carpenters and others were nearly constantly employed 
here in making improvements and repairs, while 
strange to say but only a few acres of ground were 
cleared and adapted to agricultural purposes, which 
will in part account why the Proprietary was at so 
much expense in sending provisions here. J. Francis 



MATTERS ABOUT PENNSBURY. 201 

Fisher, in his private Hfe of Wm. Penn, pubHshed in 
the Memoirs of the Historical Society (vol. III. part 
II.), mentions that his favorite mode of traveling was 
by water, and that he kept a barge furnished with a 
sail, and manned by a boatswain, a cockswain, and six 
oarsmen. That his visits to and from Pennsbury to 
Shackamaxon, Philadelphia, Chester, New Castle, Bur- 
lington, The Falls and other places were generally 
performed in this way, the roads at this time being few 
and difficult to travel and without bridges. 



202 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 



CHAPTER XIX. 

PENN REINSTATED IN HIS GOVERNMENT. RESOLVES TO 

RETURN. PROPOSES A UNION OF THE COLONIES. 

But a few months after the return of Penn to his 
native land, great changes were to take place in the 
affairs of government, and to continue for several years 
to agitate the country and eventually culminate in revo- 
lution. King Charles II died of an apoplectic fit, Feb- 
ruary 6th, 1685, and was peaceably succeeded by his 
brother the Duke of York under the title of James II. 
The late King, owing to his affability, generosity and 
politeness, at one time had become extremely popular, 
but through a long course of profligacy, extravagance 
and perfidy he lost the confidence of his subjects. 
James had always been the friend of Penn and to his 
credit we believe never relaxed in the confidence that 
he retained for him. This affection was not misplaced 
and led to a great amount of good, in the discharge of 
many hundreds from loathsome prisons, who had been 
languishing there for years for not conforming to the 
principles of the established church. 

On the 1 6th of the ist month (March), Penn sent a 
letter to Thomas Lloyd, in which he gives the follow- 



REINSTATED IN HIS GOVERNMENT. 203 

ing interesting account : " The King is dead, and the 
Duke succeeds peaceably. He was well on First-day 
night, being the first of February (so-called); about 
eia;ht next morningr, as he sat down to shave, his head 
twitched both ways, or sides, and he gave a shriek, 
and fell as dead, and so remained some hours; they 
opportunely blooded and cupped him, and plied his 
head with red-hot frying pans. He returned (revived), 
and continued till Sixth day noon, but mostly in 
great tortures. He seemed very penitent, asking par- 
don of all, even the poorest subject he had wronged ; 
prayed for pardon, and to be delivered out of the 
world — the Duke appearing mighty humble and 
sorrowful. He was an able man for a divided and 
troubled kingdom. The present King was proclaimed 
about three o'clock that day. A proclamation fol- 
lowed, with the King's speech, to maintain the church 
and state as established, to keep property and use 
clemency." 

On hearing of the distracted condition of affairs in 
the government of the Province, Penn sent to the 
Council the following letter of excellent advice which 
does him great credit. Owing to its length we have 
reluctantly omitted a portion : 

" Esteemed Friends and Counsellors. 

" I salute you all with true and unfeigned love, 
wishing you temporal and eternal prosperity, whether 
I ever or never should see you more. The noise of 
some differences that have been in the Province have 



204 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

reached these parts, with no advantage to the reputa- 
tion of the country. If any thing be amiss let it be 
by more hidden and gentle ways remedied. An in- 
fancy of government can hardl}' bear the shakes a 
riper age may and sometimes, as a last remedy, must 
endure. That is no where commendable, but in 
government dangerous, next to religious duty, self 
denial in the administration of a government is both 
requisite and laudable. I recommend it to you in 
prudence and concience. If faults are committed, let 
them be mended without noise and animosity ; the 
pomp and clatter of complaint is oftentimes a greater 
grievance to the public than that the thing complained 
of 

"Three things I do in an special manner recommend 
to your care and inspection. First, without respect to 
persons, in the fear of God and for the honor of the 
Province, punish vice ; let it not escape your righteous 
rod; 't is the enemy of your country and that which 
causes God to leave a people to divers afflictions, and 
brings them at last under dismal providences. I was 
apt myself to be but too merciful ; in that follow not 
my example. The repentance of the person is not 
enough for the public always. Secondly, accommodate 
your differences quietly and quickly ; take them up in 
the counties betimes ; this prevents charge and ani- 
mosity and public reproach. And to do this good 
work, every man is a judge or arbitrator, for it is a 
duty of good neighborhood in all. Thirdly I beseech 



REINSTATED IN IIIS GOVERNMENT. 205 

you to be kind to strangers, especially the poorer sort, 
to all be inoffensive and helpful. You are watchmen 
to the rest; be therefore careful, and let a public spirit 
act you in a public station — 't is true generation work, 
for which even our reward is not from men, for as 
government is an ordinance of God, so most assuredly 
the conciencious discharge of our duty therein shall 
not be left out of the number of those good deeds 
that God will recompence at the last. 

" Now for myself I bless God I am well, and last 
first day at night I obtained at the Cabinet an order 
for a speedy hearing the Lord Baltimore which yester- 
day by the Lords of the Plantations was appointed to 
be this Second night ; let right and equity prevail when 
that is finished, my face will be turning towards you 
and nothing sooner expedite my return the good 
things I have before recommended to your care and 
execution. I add no more but the hearty remembrance 
of my love and affection to you and yours and the 
people of your respective counties, wishing and pray- 
ing for you all that God the great author and fountain 
of all our mercies and blessings may be with you. 
Amen. Your real friend, 

Wm. Penn. 

"Kensington, 19th, 6 mo., '85. 

Besides Lord Baltimore, Penn had a determined op- 
ponent to his interests in Col. Thomas Dungan, Gov- 
ernor of New York. In a letter to the Kin<r dated 



206 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

March 2d, 1686, he says, " Mr. Penn hath written that 
I was to be called home and I do not doubt but 
would do all he can to effect it, having no great kind- 
ness for me, because I did not consent to his having 
Susquehanna river." 

" The pretenses of William Penn, Esqr. to the Three 
Lower Counties on Delaware river and to the Susque- 
hanna river are equally, if not more injurious to your 
Majesty and particularly in this respect. Susquehanna 
river is situate in the middle of the Seneca's country, 
which they gave unto your Majesty's crown and hath 
belonged as an appendix to your Majesty's government 
many years before Mr. Penn had his patent. Not- 
withstanding thereof he endeavors to disturb your Maj- 
esty in the peaceable and quiet possession of the 
premises ; endeavoring to tempt the Indians to sell it 
again to him, by that means not only to dispossess 
your Majesty of your ancient rights -but also to per- 
vert and draw away the trade of the Indians to his 
Province ; which will be an irreparable loss to your 
Majesty, all the nations with whom Albany hath their 
trade living at the head of Susquehanna river. To the 
revenue of ten per cent, the impost upon powder, lead, 
alum and furs, quite lost, and if Mr. Penn should at- 
tain his pretenses to the Susquehanna river, it will not 
only destroy the best branch of your Majesty's 
revenue, but it will likewise depopulate your Province, 
the inhabitants of Albany having only seated them- 
selves there and addicted their minds to the Indian 



REINSTATED IN HIS GOVERNMENT. 20/ 

language and the misteries of the said trade, with 
purpose to manage it, that if it should be diverted from 
that channel, they must follow it, having no other way 
or art to get a livelihood." 

In his report on the state of the Province of New 
York for 1686, he gives us more on the subject. " The 
Three Lower Counties," he says, " of Pennsylvania 
have been a dependency on this place, and a great 
many of the inhabitants persons that removed thither 
from this Government, and I do not believe it was his 
Majesty's intention to annex it to Pennsylvania nor to 
have it subject to the same laws, it being the King's 
own land, the doing whereof by Mr. Penn there has 
been of great detriment to this place in hindering the 
tobacco to come hither as formerly, for then there 
came two ships for one that comes now ; beaver 
and peltry taking but small stowage in ships. I am 
now informed that the people of Pennsylvania have 
had last year from the Indians, upwards of two 
hundred packs of beaver down the Schuylkill and will 
have more this as I have reason to believ^e, which if 
not prevented, his Majesty must not expect this Gov- 
ernment can maintain itself" We can also see here a 
jealousy extending back now almost two centuries in 
the cities of New York and Philadelphia for securing 
the western trade. 

Unfortunately the large expenditures that Penn had 
been at in peopling his Province, the frequent drafts 
made upon him by his steward at Pennsbury, with his 



208 WM. P'ENN IN AMERICA. 

expenses incurred by traveling and living abroad and 
at Worminghurst and Kensington began now to press 
heavily upon him, the income derived from his estates 
in England and Ireland being inadequate to meet it. 
In a letter to Thomas Lloyd he states that out of five 
hundred pounds per annum quit-rents, due him, he 
could not get one penny. His letters written at this 
time explain his stay in England, when his presence 
was greatly needed and desired in the colony. In a 
letter to James Harrison, dated at London, 23d of 7th 
mo., 1686, he says, "and what with the fresh packets, 
one after another from your side, that Baltimore com- 
plies not with the King's order; I cannot come this 
fall; for to leave that unfinished I came for, and so 'to 
return by his obstinacy when wife and family are there, 
will not be advisable. Wherefore I think to see an 
end of that before I go. Besides that, the country think 
not upon my supply, and I resolve never to act the Gov- 
ernor and keep another family and capacity upon my 
private estate. If my table, cellar, and stable may be 
provided for, with a barge and yacht or sloop for the 
service of Governor or Government, I may try to get 
hence, for in the sight of God, I can say, I am five 
thousand pounds and more behind hand, more than I 
ever received or saw for land in that Province; and to be 
so baffled by the merchants is discouraging, and not to 
be put up. Now I desire thee to draw no more upon 
me for one penny. If I cannot be supplied, I resolve 
to turn over a new leaf There is nothing my soul 



RESOLVES TO RETURN. 209 

breathes more in this world, next my dear family's life, 
than that I may see poor Pennsylvania again, and my 
wife is given up to go, but I cannot force my way 
hence, and see nothing done on that side inviting. The 
King is kind to me and Friends, and Meetings open 
again." 

The Prince of Orange, landed at Torbay, November 
4th, 1688, and in the following February was crowned 
William III with his consort Mary, and the dethroned 
monarch James II, retired to France to die in exile. 
A revolution had thus been effected, and after things 
had got quieted down we find a renewal of Penn's cor- 
respondence. In a letter to Thomas Lloyd, president 
of the Council, dated London, 14th of 4th mo., 1691, 
he says, "I ask the people forgiveness for my long 
stay; but when I consider how much it has been my 
great loss, and for an ungrateful generation, it is pun- 
ishment! — It has been ^,'20,000 to my damage in the 
country, and above i^ 10,000 here, and to the Province, 
500 families ; but the wise God that can do what he 
pleases, as well as see what is in man's heart, is able to 
requite all, and I am persuaded all shall yet work to- 
gether for good in this very thing, if we can overlook 
all that stands in the way of our views, Godward; in 
public matters. See that all be done prudently and 
humbly, and keep down irreverence and looseness, and 
cherish industry and sobriety." 

As his debts began to press him more and more, 
14 



2IO WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

Peiin tried several methods to raise the necessary 
means to relieve himself from his embarrassments. 
Among the rest was a plan devised in the following 
letter. It had no direction, but the endorsement on it 
intimates that it was sent to Robert Turner, and by its 
contents evidently intended also for Thomas Holme, 
on both of whom he had placed considerable de- 
pendence. 

" London, 4th. 12th mo., 1692. 
" Dear Friends " 

" Considering how things stand and may stand with 
you ; and the visible necessity the Province is under, 
as well as my own interest, and my earnest inclinations, 
that I speedily return, I have a proposal to make, in 
which if you answer me, I shall be able to make my 
way safe from the Government easy to myself, just to 
my friends here, and this in reason I ought to desire. 
In consideration therefore of my great expenses in 
King Charles' time, known in some measure to 
Thomas Holme and my great losses in this King's 
time the one being at least ^^,'7,000, and the 
other above ^."4000 or £"450 per annum totally 
wasted in Ireland as Thomas Holme* can inform 
you, by which means I cannot do what is requi- 
site to bring me among you without that time 
here which may injure our joint interest, or help to 



* He was Surveyor-General of the Province and died in 1695, aged upwards of 
seventy years. Served as a midshipman in Admiral Penn's expedition to the West 
Indies. 



RESOLVES TO RETURN. 211 

shorten it ; I do propose that one hundred persons in 
town, if able, or town and country, do lend me, free of 
interest, each of them £ lOO for four years, or each of 
them more or less, as able, so that reach the sum and 
I will give you my bond to repay it to each of you, in 
four years time, or if not paid in that time, a sufficient 
interest for the whole, or what remains unpaid at 
four years end, from that time forwards till |)aid. 

" I shall take it so kindly from you, that if you gave 
me at another time it should not equally please me, 
and it could not be done more seasonably for your- 
selves, and the whole Province, for depend upon it and 
you have it under my hand God giving health for it, I 
will not stay six months, no, not three months, if I 
can in that time get passage to remove to you, with 
family also. I hope to be more worth to you, and a 
great deal more to the Province ; for the hour my back 
is turned of England some hundreds, if not thousands, 
will follow which will be your as well as my advantage, 
you may be informed of the reason of this proposal 
more particularly by Robert Turner and Thomas 
Holme if there be any need for it. 

" Almighty God incline and direct you for the best, 
and determine quickly, for else, my course will be as 
you may hear by Thomas Holme otherwise in soli- 
tudes. My sincere love salutes you and my wishes, 
in the will of God, are for your happiness, whether I 
see you any more, which under God, depends much 
upon }()ur compliance with ni\- proposal, and those 



212 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

that close with it shall ever be remembered by me and 
mine. So with my love farewell. Your assured 
Friend 

Wm. Penn." 

It would appear that an effort was made by some of 
his friends to assist him on this plan, and which is thus 
sarcastically alluded to by Col. Benjamin Fletcher, 
Governor of New York, in a letter to London a few 
months afterwards, and which he mentions that he had 
received the account from Philadelphia : J 

" By another letter to the Friends in Pennsylvania 
Mr. Penn writes to find out a hundred persons 
in the country of Pennsylvania each to lend 
him one hundred pounds without use for four 
years and without any other security- than his own 
bond, and promises them that within si.x months 
at farthest after the receipt of it he will embark 
for that place with all his family. Some meetings 
have been about it, and it is reported that how much 
soever they appear his friends the\' stagger when he 
comes near their purses ; those that are able want 
better security and those that are not (to excuse them- 
selves) saying they would if they could." 

Governor Fletcher shortly afterwards sent a letter to 
the Lords of Trade and Plantations wherein he reflects 
on the action of those in power here and their conduct 
towards the Proprietary. " Your Lordships," he says 
" will perceive these people have as little regard for the 



PROPOSES A UNION OF THE COLONIES. 2I3 

interest of their proprietor Mr. Penn as they have for 
his Majesty's service, and are endeavoring to erect a 
new model of Government of their own invention and 
of their own authority. The town of Philadelphia in 
fourteen years time has become near equal to the city 
of New York in trade and riches, the hardships that 
this province hath undergone in the defence of the 
frontiers and the detaching of our people hath drove 
many of them thither to enjoy their ease, and 
there being no duty upon trade in that colony it is a 
discouragement to the trade of this province whose in- 
habitants are left wholly to bear the burthen of the 
war, whilst they grow by the hardships of our circum- 
stances and derive all their protection from our forces." 

To his other afflictions Penn was called now to 
mourn for the loss of Gulielma Maria, his beloved con- 
sort. " My dear wife," he writes, " departed this life 
the 23d of the 12th month, 1693, in the fiftieth year 
of her age ; being sensible to the very last. During 
her illness she uttered many living and weighty ex- 
pressions upon divers occasions, both before and near 
her end. Some of which I took down, for mine and 
her dear children's consolation." She was the daugh- 
ter of Sir William Springett of Darlington in Sussex, 
who was killed in the civil wars at the seige of Bamber- 
He was married to her in 1672, being then in his 28th 
year. From the Bill of Charges by Thomas Fairman, 
deputy surveyor, we learn that before Penn returned to 



2 14 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

England, he made "a journey with the Proprietor to 
look at some land to be called Springettsbury, above 
the land designated for Germantown, afterwards named 
Springfield." This formed what is marked on Thomas 
Holme's Map of original surveys " Gulielma Maria 
Penn's Manor of Springfield," containing 4,010 acres. 
We have evidence here that the Proprietary personally 
examined this tract before it was laid out and bestowed 
on his wife. It was a judicious selection, being a very 
fertile tract, abounding in limestone and iron, the whole 
forming the township of Springfield in the present 
Montgomery county, immediately north of Chestnut 
Hill. Thomas Penn in 1738 still retained 1,600 acres 
of it. 

By the tyrannical act of an order from the Royal 
Council, passed the 3d of 4th month, 1692, Penn was 
deprived of his title to the government of Pennsylvania. 
In consequence he petitioned to the Lords of Trade 
some time after to be restored to all his former rights 
and privileges there. On the ist and 3d of August, 
1694, he was present at the board in which the Com- 
mittee report that " Mr. Penn having declared to their 
Lordships that if her Majesty shall be graciously 
pleased to restore him to his Proprietary according to 
the said Grants, he intends with all convenient speed 
to repair thither, and take care of the Government and 
provide for the safety and security thereof all that in 
him lies. And to that end he will carefull}' transmit 
to the Council and Assembly there, all such orders as 



PROPOSES A UNION OF THE COLONIES. 2 I 5 

shall be given by her Majesty in that behalf, and he 
doubts not but that they will at all times dutyfully 
comply with and yield obedience thereunto, and to all 
such orders and directions as their Majesties shall from 
time to time think fit to send, for the supplying such 
quota of men or the defraying their part of the charges 
as their Majesties shall think necessary for the safety 
and preservation of their Majesties Dominions in that 
part of America." 

William and Mary accordingly restored him to all 
his former privileges in Pennsylvania. The act for re- 
storing him was passed the 21st of August following, 
"And whereas," it states, " the said Proprietor has 
given us good assurance that he will take care of the 
Government of our said Province and Territories and 
provide for the safety and security thereof all that in 
him lies." Therefore the Queen revokes the com- 
mission of Col. Fletcher, bearing date Oct. 21, 1692, 
whereby he was appointed Governor and Captain 
General of the colony. We need not wonder at his 
sarcastic opponent making a vigorous defence, for he 
had profited by Penn's misfortune, and his restoration 
now cost him his position. 

At a meeting of his Majesty's Commissioners for 
Trade and Plantations, held at Whitehall, December 
iith, 1696, Penn was present, on which occasion he 
spoke of the quotas required from the neighboring 
Colonies for the defence of New York. He conceived 
the best plan for regulating it would be by stated 



2l6 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

deputies from each province, to meet in one common 
Assembly. To effect this he observed would require 
one Captain General or Viceroy to preside. Upon 
these heads the Board desired him to draw up a scheme 
more fully in writing, to which he consented. This 
remarkable document, that proposed a union of all the 
Colonies and to be represented in a General Congress 
to devise plans for their mutual welfare, safety and 
defence, deserves to be published in full, written as it 
was eighty years before the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence. As may be well supposed it was never acted 
upon, the home government dared not do it, it was 
policy to prevent it as long as they could. The same 
course is still pursued in the existing Colonies. I am 
not aware of it being published before in any work 
relating either to Penn or his Province, neither am I 
certain whether any reference has heretofore been made 
to it. It is entitled " Mr. Penn's Plan for a Union of 
the Colonies in America." 

A Briefe and Plaine Scheam how the English Colo- 
nies in the North parts of America, viz : Boston, Con- 
necticut, Road Island, New York, New Jerseys, Pen- 
silvania, Maryland, Virginia and Carolina may be made 
more useful to the Crowne, and one another's peace 
and safety with an universall concurrence. 

1st, That the, severall Colonies before mentioned do 
meet once a year, and oftener if need be, during the 
war, and at least once in two years in times of peace, 
by their stated and appointed Deputies, to debate and 



PROPOSES A UNION OF THE COLONIES. 2 1/ 

resolve of such measures as are most advisable for 
their better understanding, and the publick tranquility 
and safety. 

2. That in order to it two persons well qualified for 
sence, sobriety and substance be appointed by each 
Province, as their Representatives or Deputies, which 
in the whole make the Congress to consist of twenty 
persons. 

3. That the King's Commissioner for that purpose 
specially appointed shall have the Chaire and preside 
in the said Congresse. 

4. That they shall meet as near as conveniently 
may be to the most centrall Colony for ease of the 
Deputies. 

5. Since that may in all probability, be New York 
both because it is near the Center of the Colonies and 
for that it is a Frontier and in the King's nomination, 
the Govr of that Colony may therefore also be the 
King's High Commissioner during the Session after 
the manner of Scotland. 

6. That their business shall be to hear and adjust 
all matters of Complaint or difference between Prov- 
ince and Province. As ist, where persons quit their 
own Province and goe to another, that they may avoid 
their just debts tho they be able to pay them ; 2d, 
where offenders fly Justice, or Justice cannot well be 
had upon such offenders in the Provinces that entertain 
them ; 3dly, to prev^ent or cure injuries in point of 
commerce ; 4th, to consider of ways and means to 



2l8 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

support the union and safety of the Provinces, against 
the pubUck enemies. In which Congresse the Quotas 
of men and charges will be much easier, and more 
equally sett, then it is possible for any establishment 
made here to do ; for the Provinces, knowing their 
own condition and one anothers, can debate that 
matter with more freedome and satisfaction and better 
adjust and balance their affairs in all respects for their 
common safety. 

7ly, That in times of war the King's High Com- 
missioner shall be generall or Chief Commander of 
the severall Quotas upon service against the common 
enemy as he shall be advised, for the good and 
benefit of the whole. 

In 1696 Penn married his second wife, Hannah, the 
daughter of Thomas Callowhill, an eminent merchant 
of Bristol, and soon after buried his eldest son, the 
virtuous and amiable Springett, aged but twenty years. 
In 1698, he traveled in Ireland, and resided the follow- 
ing year at Bristol. She survived him upwards of 
eight years, her death taking place the 20th of loth 
month, 1726. From the time that Penn was reinstated 
in his government until his return to the Province 
was a little over five years, in which period the colony 
continued tranquil, and nothing material transpired to 
affect the general enjoyment of the people in prosperity 
and happiness. 



DEPARTS WITH FAMILY TO THE PROVINCE. 2I9 



CHAPTER XX. 

PENN DEPARTS WITH HIS FAMILY TO THE PROVINCE. 

HIS ARRIVAL AND RECEPTION AT CHESTER 

AND PHILADELPHIA. 

S^JiiIy — December, idgg.'] 

In his " Further account of Pennsylvania," dated 
from Worminghurst the 12th of loth month, 1685, 
and pubhshed soon after for general circulation, Penn 
stated " because some have urged my coming back, as 
an argument against the place, and the probability of 
its improvement ; adding that I would for that reason 
never return : I think fit to say, that next summer 
God willing, I intend to go back, and carry my family, 
and the best part of my personal estate with me. And 
this I do, not only of duty, but inclination and choice." 
In his letters after this he also gave repeated assurances 
of his intentions to this effect. However, according to 
the Report of the Lords of Trade on his petition at 
Whitehall, dated the ist and 3d of August, 1694, they 
state that " being attended by Mr. Penn, who having 
declared to their Lordships that if her Majesty shall 



220 VVM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

be graciously pleased to restore him to his Propriety 
according to the said grants, he intends with all con- 
venient speed to repair thither, and take care of the 
government and provide for the safety and security 
thereof all that in him lies." On this promise also 
voluntarily made, his province was restored to him, 
but as may be noticed it was not till nearly five years 
had elapsed on the latter before his " duty " or " choice" 
inclined him to return. 

We have no positive assurances of an earlier inten- 
tion on the part of Penn to revisit the colony, than in 
his application to several Friends' meetings for cer- 
tificates addressed to other meetings on account of ab- 
sence and removal. He is known to have 4-eceived 
three, recorded in the first volume of the Records of 
Philadelphia Monthl)^ Meeting. One from the " Sec- 
ond Day's Meeting of Ministering Friends " in Lon- 
don ; which alludes to his eminent services in the 
gospel ministry, his successful efforts in releasing the 
oppressed, and his meekness under trial from malice 
and envy, and that he parted from them in true unity 
and as an approved minister of Christ. One from the 
" Men's Meeting of Friends in the city of Bristol," 
where he had lately resided, and mentions their re- 
luctance to part with him " as a man, a good Friend 
and a true Christian." The third we proceed to give 
in full : 

"From our Monthly Meeting held at Horseham, Old 
England, 14th, 5th month, 1699. 



DEPARTS WITH FAMILY TO THE PROVINCE. 221 

"To the church of Christ in Pennsylvania, and to all 
the faithful Friends and Brethren unto whom this may 
come. In the covenant of life and fellowship of the 
gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ, and of the unity of 
the one eternal Spirit of our God, we dearly salute 
you, most earnestly desiring your prosperity in the 
blessed truth. 

" Now dear Friends and Brethren, whereas our 
worthy Friend and Elder, William Penn, did acquaint 
our Friends' Monthly Meeting with his intended voy- 
age into his province of Pennsylvania, and although 
we are right sensible that he needeth no recommenda- 
tion from us, to pass into his own country, yet at his 
request, and for the good order sake that God has es- 
tablished in his church and among his people, and for 
the sincere love we bear our well esteemed Friend, we 
could do no less than give this small token of our 
unity and communion with him, for a testimony for 
him in his service in the church of Christ ; wherein he 
hath been a worthy and blessed instrument in the 
hand of the Lord, both in his ministry and conversa- 
tion ; and has always sought the prosperity of the 
blessed truth, peace and concord, in the church of 
Christ; and hath walked among us in all humility, 
godly sincerity and brotherly love, to our great re- 
freshment and comfort ; who hath with much labour 
and travail on all occasions, endeavoured the defence 
of truth against its opposers, and the preservation of 
true unity and good order in the church of Christ. 



222 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

So in the unity of the one eternal Spirit, which is 
the bond of true peace, we take our leave of him, 
with earnest breathings and supplications to the great 
God, whom the wind and seas obey, that he w^ould 
mercifully be pleased to go along with him, and con- 
duct him by the angel of his Divine Presence to his 
desired port, and preserve him to the end of his days. 
And that in the end he may receive an immortal 
crown and be bound up in the bundle of life amongst 
them that have turned many to righteousness, who 
shine as the sun in the firmament of God's eternal 
power, forever and ever. Amen." 

Signed in the behalf and by the appointment of the 
said meeting, by Richard Hallare, Resta Patdoing, Dan- 
iel Hayllare, Thomas Rowland, Walter Constable, John 
Greenwood, Hugh Parson, John Shaw, Isaac Parson, 
Samuel Cully, John Shaw, Sen'r, John Garton, Thomas 
Snashwold, Peter Johan, Abraham Jones, Benjamin 
Hayllare, Richard Gates, Thomas Lellington, Thomas 
Humphreys, Benjamin Martin, John Shaw, Jun'r. 

On the I 3th of 6th month following he preached a 
farewell sermon at Friends' Meeting house in West- 
minster, which was taken down on the occasion and 
shortly after printed, a copy, if we mistake not, being 
in possession of the Historical Society. Just before 
leaving he prepared a letter of advice to his children, 
chiefly relating to their civil and religious conduct. 

After the necessary preparations had all been made, 
Penn now determined to carrv out his long-cherished 



DEPARTS WITH FAMILY TO THE PROVINCE. 22 3 

purpose, and accordingly embarked with his wife and 
daughter Letitia, on board the ship Canterbury lying 
at Cowes in the Isle of Wight, from which they 
sailed on the 3d of 7th month (Sept., 1699.) Refore 
leaving he took farewell of his Friends, in a vale- 
dictory addressed to all the people called Quakers, in 
Europe. He concludes by saying, " I have from the 
first endeavoured to serve you, and my poor country, 
and that at my own charges, with an upright mind, 
however misunderstood and treated by some, whom I 
heartily forgive. Accept you my services ; and ever 
love and remember, my dear friends and brethren, 
your old, true, and affectionate friend, brother, and 
servant in Christ Jesus." 

By his first marriage, Penn had five children ; Mary 
and Hannah died in infancy, and Springett, the pride 
of his father, in 1696. William, whom he left behind, 
was married to Mary the daughter of Charles Jones, 
of Bristol. Letitia, who now accompanied him, must 
have been a full grown woman, for we know that she 
was married three years after to William Aubrey. 
This constituted at the time the whole of the Proprie- 
tary's family. In his first visit to the province Penn 
was in his thirty-eighth year, now he was fifty-five and 
had been fifteen years and over three months absent. 
A period long enough to have made a considerable 
change, particularly in a young and flourishing colony. 
Many that had been on the active stage of life when 
he left were now numbered amongst their fathers. 



224 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

whilst their sons and daughters had grown up and 
were taking their places. 

As Proud has stated in his History (vol. I, pp. 
420-1), that Penn had sailed from the Isle of Wight 
on the 9th of 7th month, in which I find that he has 
since been followed by others, it becomes us here to 
give our authority on the subject. This is derived 
from no less than three letters written by Penn him- 
self (4.) One to Governor Nicholson of Virginia, 
dated Philadelphia, 12th, 10 br. following, in which he 
says. "I came to this town ye 3d, that day 3 months 
that I left ye Isle of Wight, a long and sometimes 
rude passage, but mercifull in all our healths and in 
finding ye mortality over before we came." To 
Governor Blackiston of Maryland on the 13th, writes 
that " We set sail from ye Isle of Wight ye 3d of 7 
br., and arrived here ye 3d of 10 br., which proved a 
merciful delay, the late mortality considered." He 
also confirms the aforesaid in a letter from Philadel- 
phia the loth of I mo., 1700, to Secretary Vernon. 

On the 28th of November the ship Canterbury had 
already entered the bay, and had passed New Castle, 
when Penn entered his barge and the following after- 
noon landed at the house of Lydia Wade, below 
Chester, where he lodged that evening. The voyage 
had been a very tedious one, taking three months till 
the ship arrived at Philadelphia. Among the passen- 
gers was James Logan, whom Penn had proposed to 
accompany him to Pennsylvania as his secretary, which 



ARRIVAL AT CHESTER AND PHILADELPHIA. 22 5 

offer he had accepted. J. Francis Fisher in his Pri- 
vate Life of Penn (Memoirs of Hist. Society, vol. Ill, 
p. 89), relates that on his arrival Penn distributed 
amongst the ship's company near six pounds, quite a 
handsome sum for those days, in appreciation of their 
services and kindness to him. On this occasion he 
also brought with him the magnificent colt Tamer- 
lane by the celebrated Godolphin Barb, to which some 
of the best hor.ses of England traced their pedigree. 
But for travel he still preferred his yacht, a fine vessel 
of six oars, with a regular crew who received fair 
wages while the Governor was in the country. As 
the son of an Admiral he had an hereditary fondness 
for water, perhaps cherished the more by the gold 
medal that had been transmitted to him. 

The arrival of Penn at Chester is quite interestingly 
noticed in the Journal of Thomas Story (Friends' 
Library, vol. X, pp. 131-4, Phila. 1846), from which 
we take the following extracts: 

"On the 28th (9th mo., 1699) I had a small meet- 
ing at New Castle upon Delaware, which would have 
been less, had it not been for the expectation several 
were in of seeing William Penn, proprietor and gov- 
ernor of Pennsylvania, then in the river, in his voyage 
from England, in order to exercise his government in 
person, having been absent many years : but he did 
not land there. Being informed that the governor was 
under sail, and desired me to meet him that evening 
15 



226 \VM. PENX IN AMERICA. 

near Chester, I took horse after supper, and went to 
our friend Lydia Wade's by Chester, and there waited 
till he came up in his barge ; and as we had parted in 
England in much tenderness, my satisfaction was also 
great to meet him so well and safe in his own prov- 
ince ; and that night we lodged together, and dis- 
coursed on divers subjects especially on matters of 
government. 

"The next day, being the ist of the loth month, 
we went over Chester creek in a boat, to the town ; 
and as the governor landed, some young men, 
officiously, and contrary to the express command of 
some of the magistrates, fired two small sea-pieces of 
cannon, and being ambitious to make three out of two, 
by firing one twice, one of the young men darting in a 
cartridge of powder before the piece was spunged, had 
his lett hand and arm shot in pieces. A surgeon 
being sent for from on board a ship, an amputation 
was quickly resolved upon by Dr. Griffith Owen, a 
Friend, the surgeon, and some other skilful persons 
present ; which accordingly was done without delay. 
But as the arm was cut off, some spirits in a bason 
happened to take fire, and being spilt upon the sur- 
geon's apron, set his clothes on fire, and there being a 
great crowd of spectators, some of them were in dan- 
ger of being scalded, as the surgeon himself was upon 
his hands and face ; but running into the street, the 
fire was quenched; and so quick was he, that the 
patient lost not very much blood. 



ARRIVAL AT CHESTER AND I'll I f.A DELPH I A. 22/ 

" Sucli is the unreasonableness of envy, and of 
those that are exercised therein, that some such would 
gladly have blamed the governor, because the matter 
happened on that occasion, though he could not be in 
any way accessory thereto, the action being without 
his knowledge, and contrary to the command of the 
magistrates. But as he was above the reach of his 
enemies, their envy and calumnies could not hurt 
him." 

The unfortunate accident just mentioned must have 
greatly marred the pleasure of the Governor's re- 
ception. He was so much concerned for the sufferer, 
that he paid the expenses of surgical aid, and con- 
tinued to advance money for his relief and support, as 
appears from the several entries in the Proprietary's 
Cash Book of the several sums paid under the head- 
ing "for B. Bevan of Chester, who lost his arm." The 
last entry which was nearly five months after the 
occurrence showed the sad termination of this affair, 
and is " April 20th, for his funeral charges." 

After visiting some of his former acquaintances and 
exchanging salutations with its principal inhabitants, 
the Governor went on board the Canterbury, and the 
ship proceeded on her way to Philadelphia where he 
arrived on the afternoon of Sunday the 3d of Decem- 
ber. The city had been visited by that dreadful 
epidemic the yellow fever, and was just recovering 
from the distress and devastatit)n caused by its ravages, 
which had not long before prevailed to an alarming 



228 • WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

extent. Respecting it a letter had been sent from here 
to Penn dated the i ith of 7th month, when he had 
proceeded eight days on his voyage which stated 
"All business and trade down. This is quite the 
Barbadoes distemper, they void and vomit blood. 
This has been about harvest time, the hottest summer 
I ever knew : several died in the field with the vio- 
lence of the heat." 

The Governor in a letter from Philadelphia dated 
the I oth of I st mo. (March), 1 700, to Secretary Ver- 
non says, " My passage was long, three months but 
merciful, in that the northwesters had purged this town 
from a distemper that raged two or three months 
therein, brought as believed from Barbadoes, of which 
2 1 5 died." To Col. Codrington he wrote five days 
later, " We have had a sickly place, but now well, 
through God's mercy mine are all so, and our passage 
though long and sometimes rough, yet safe, not a pas- 
senger miscarried." 

James Logan in a letter to William Penn, Jr., thus 
describes the arrival in Philadelphia : " The highest 
terms I could use would hardly give you an idea of 
the expectation and welcome that thy father received 
from the most of the honester party here. Friends 
generally concluded that after all their troubles and 
disappointments, this province now scarce wanted any- 
thing more to render it completely happy. The fac- 
tion that had long contended to overthrow the settled 
constitution of the government received an universal 



ARRIVAL AT CHESTER AND PJULADELJ'HIA. 229 

damp, yet endeavoured what mischief they could by 
speaking whispers that the Proprietary could not act 
as governor without the King's approbation, and tak- 
ing an oath, as obliged by Act of Parliament ; but that 
in a great measure soon blew over. 

" Directly from the wharf the governor went to his 
deputy's (Markham) paid him a short formal visit, and 
from thence with a crowd attending to meeting, it 
being about three o'clock on First-day afternoon, where 
he spoke on a double account to the people, and pray- 
ing, concluded it : from thence to Edward Shippen's 
where we lodged for about a month. 

" David Lloyd, attorney-general, a man very stiff in 
all his undertakings, of a sound judgment, and a good 
lawyer, but extremely pertinaceous and somewhat re- 
vengeful : he, at that time, was one of the council. 
This obstinacy the governor could by no means brook ; 
he could not but think there was more deference and 
consideration due his character and station. Friends 
love to the governor was great and sincere they had 
long mourned for his absence, and passionately desired 
his return. He, they firmly believed, would compose 
all their differences, and repair all that was amiss." 

Among the determined opponents of Penn was Col. 
Robert Quarry, Judge of the Admiralty, a court estab- 
lished by the British government, for the adjudication 
of maritime cases, and also for the purpose of enforcing 
the navigation laws, which prohibited a direct trade 
from the American colonies to foreign countries. John 



230 W.M. PENN IN AMERICA. 

Moore was Advocate in this court, and were rendered 
completely independent in their positions from both 
the Proprietary and the Legislature. These with 
David Lloyd were now the chief leaders in ev^ery move- 
ment that was set in opposition to the Proprietary in- 
terests. The latter came from Wales and had been a 
captain in Cromwell's arm\', but now a member of the 
Society of Friends. Quarry and Moore had been send- 
ing injurious statements to the Board of Trade in Lon- 
don charging the authorities here with harboring 
pirates, tolerating illicit trade, not exacting oaths in 
courts, nor providing military defences. Penn how- 
ever had succeeded in baffling their designs, and was 
desirous of promoting harmony and sent for Quarry, 
when they had a talk over the matters at variance in a 
courteous manner, both acknowledging to some faults 
in the administration of affairs during his absence. 

" Last First-day," as Lsaac Norris wrote a few days 
after, " our Proprietor arrived with his wife and family, 
all well. He is hearty and hale, received with much 
joy by the major and better part of the inhabitants. 
The same day arrived Captain Cooper with 1 20 pas- 
sengers, from Bristol, all well. We have had this year 
seven ships from England, some of them 300 tons. 
We never had such a quantity of goods in one year 
since I knew the country. Our place through great 
mercy very healthy again, and an extraordinary mod- 
erate and open fall." 

Thomas Story in his Journal says that on the 8th 



ARRIVAL AT CHESTER AND PHII^ADELPHIA. 23 I 

he went to Philadelphia and visited the Governor and 
some of his friends there. On the 13th he accom- 
panied Penn to Chester to attend the Court of Quarter 
Sessions, and the next day they held there a meeting 
for worship, at which a number attended. On the i 5th 
they returned together to Philadelphia, where he re- 
mained till the 28th. 

The 1 2th must have been a tolerable busy day with 
the I'roprietary, for among his other labors he wrote 
at least three tolerably lengthy letters (4.) One was 
addressed to Governor Nicholson of Virginia, in which 
he says, " I desire with all sincerity a good understand- 
ing among ye Governors of ye Provinces under ye 
Crown of England for their regulation at home and ye 
prosperity of ye respective Provinces, and do assure 
thee that it shall be my endeavour to discharge my 
part as becomes both my dut\' and interest, suppress- 
ing illegal trade and the roving of pirates about the 
several colonies seems the immediate concern. I have 
begun and shall continue to make it my care and on 
all occasions desire thy advice and assistance in ye dis- 
charge of that branch of my duty to ye Crown." 

" By your Collector I am informed," he writes to 
Major Donaldson and Captain Hallowcll, " of a late 
trial in New Castle Court against some persons since 
deceased and others who fled from Burlington before 
my arrival under suspicion of piracy that carries some 
censure upon ye Justice of that place. I desire you 
would cause ye Clerk of your Court to draw out of 



232 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

his minutes as fair an account as he possibly can and 
let it with all expedition be transmitted to me that I 
may be the more fully acquainted of all past proceed- 
ings about it." 

To William Clark, of Lewis, Sussex county, he 
writes, " I am extremely glad to hear that after the 
danger your kindness exposed you to in the sloop }-ou 
got all so well ashore. The thoughts of it were a 
great concern to me till eased by the news of your 
safety. I hav^e not yet fully determined the time of 
the Council and Assembly to meet, but by the first 
opportunity thou mayest expect to hear farther. Pray 
be careful to suffer no unknown persons to wander 
about without apprehension and information sent 
hither." This letter it appears was transmitted by 
Samuel Rowland, and the mention of the danger that 
Clark had exposed himself to in the sloop no doubt 
has reference to his boarding the Canterbury in a storm 
when she had got inside the Capes, to which the Pro- 
prietary was witness. 

On the 13th he wrote from Philadelphia, most prob- 
ably in the morning before he started for Chester, to 
Governor N. Blackiston of Maryland, in which he 
says, " I hope my carriage will convince my neighbors 
that we intend to be dutiful to the Crown, careful of 
its revenues and the good of Mother country, and vevy 
friendly to our neighbor colonies. Here is one 
Bradenham a physician, who pretends to have left him 
twenty months since, and pleads rather merit than 



ARRIVAL AT CHESTER AND PHILADELPHIA. 233 

guilt. I have clapt him up close prisoner, and en- 
treat to know, if the penitent or ingenious pirate in 
thy hands can touch him. I am doing my utmost to 
show my aversions to those villains and their out- 
rages, and my next may give a more ample account." 
This matter of the pirates was of serious concern to 
Penn, about which great complaints had been made to 
the home government, that his officials here either 
were unable or unwilling to arrest or suppress them, 
and that they were harbored by the colonists. A let- 
ter had been sent to the Proprietary from Philadelphia 
the I ith of 7th month last, which stated that " We 
have four men in prison, taken up as pirates, supposed 
to be Kidd's men. Shelly of York, has brought to 
these parts some scores of them ; and there is sharp 
looking out to take them. We have various reports 
of their riches, and money hid between this and the 
Capes. There was landed about twenty men, as we 
understand, at each Cape, and several gone to York. 
A sloop has been seen cruising off the Capes for a 
considerable time, but not meddled with any vessel as 
yet, though she has spoke with several." The result 
was that on the 23d of this month (Dec, 1699), Penn 
came out in a printed proclamation for the apprehen- 
sion of all pirates, and those in any way concerned or 
suspected of piracy. A copy of which has been pre- 
served in the State Paper Office in London. 



2 34 ^^'M- PENN IN AMERICA. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

TROUBLES RESPECTING PIRATES. THE GOVERNOR HAS 

A SON BORN, ON WHOM HE BESTOWS THE 
MANOR OF PERKASIE. 

\^Janiiary and February, i6gg.'\ 

A MEETIN(; of the Council was held b}- the Gover- 
nor in Philadelphia on the 1st of I ith month, 1699. 
On which occasion he proposed to them the necessity 
of calling a general Assembly, to take further 
measures for preventing and suppressing piracy and 
illegal trade. After some debate he desired them to 
consider it and be ready at the next meeting to give 
him the best advice thereon. They accordingly met 
on the 3d, 4th, 5th, 8th, 24th, 25th, 26th, 27th, 29th, 
and 31st days of said month, at all of which meetings 
the Proprietary presided. 

Writs were issued by the Governor on the 9th for the 
election of Members of Assembly, amongst those was 
one directed to R. Hallowell, J. Donaldson and Robert 
French, of New Castle, to see to the proper returns of 
the several members for the Three Lower counties. 
On the 1 3th he sent a letter by post to Governor 



TROUBLES RESPKCTIN(; PIRATES. 235 

lilackiston, of Maryland, in relation to some official 
business. 

Thomas Story in his Journal mentions, that "On 
the I 3th the Governor set forward for Burlington, in 
West New Jersey, and I went with him, where we 
were favoured with a satisfactory meeting. On the 
1 5th we rested at Burlington, at our friend Samuel 
Jenning's, and on the i6th, being the marriage day of 
two of his daughters, we had a large and good meet- 
ing, and on the icSth we went down to the ferry, in 
order for Philadelphia; but the river proving impass- 
able, by reason of the ice and floods by the mighty rains 
upon a great snow, we returned to Burlington, and the 
day after went down again, and the frost being set in 
e.xtremely hard the second time, we cut a wa\' through 
the ice, and with much labour and difficulty got oxer, 
and went sixteen miles to Philadelphia." 

In my researches in the Records of Philadelphia 
Monthly Meeting found a confirmation of one of 
these marriages, which took place, as stated, on the 
16th of I ith month, 1699. It was that of Edward 
Penington, of Philadelphia, to " Sarah Jennins, 
daughter of Samuel and Ann Jennins of Burling- 
towne, West New Jersey," which took place in the 
Meeting house there. Amongst the witnesses present 
who signed the certificate, are found the names of 
William Penn, Letitia Penn, Thomas and Ann Steven- 
son, Isaac Merriot, John and Agnes Holenshed, 
Joseph Growdon and some eighty-nine others; we may 



236 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

therefore conclude with the Journahst that they " had a 
large and good meeting." The aforesaid Edward Pen- 
ington was the Surveyor-General of Pennsylvania, and 
on his death, January loth, 170 1-2, Jacob Taylor 
became his successor in the office. 

The pirates at this time continued to cause a great 
deal of excitement throughout all the English-American 
colonies, but the matter was greatly exaggerated, their 
numbers were but kw, and their captures in reality did 
not amount to much. E. Randolph in a letter to the 
Lords of Trade, dated New York, April 26th, 1698 
(Doc. Hist. N. Y., vol. IV, pp. 300-1), thus exhibits his 
prejudices on the matter, being strongly opposed to 
Penn's goxernment : 

" With much difficulty I got over Chesapeake Bay 
and travelled to Pennsylvania, calling at New Castle 
upon Delaware Bay, 't is inhabited with Scotch and 
Dutch chiefly and a few French and one or two Eng- 
lishmen, they are under an arbitrary Quaker Govern- 
ment where neither Judges, Juries nor Witnesses are 
sworn even in trials of criminals, as about four years 
ago, when I was there one Richardson was tried, con- 
demned and executed upon a suppo.sed murder, so 
that his Majesty's subjects inhabiting in these parts 
and Pennsylvania also, are in no ways secure in their 
estates, lives and liberties, nor can it be expected that 
the officers of his Majesty's Customs can have justice 
done, where there are no persons qualified by an oath 
to try their causes upon seizures or otherwise. 



TROUULES RESPECTING PIRATES. 237 

" I came to Philadelphia, and administered the oath 
to Mr. Markham the governor the 17th of March 
past, but he has not his Majesty's order in Council al- 
lowing him to be Governor of that Province. Colonel 
Nicholson hearing" of some of Every's men were in 
Philadelphia forthwith sent the Lords Justices Proclama- 
tion for apprehending them to Mr. Markham, who instead 
of securing supported and encouraged them ; two of the 
chief Clinton and Lassell were carried to Carolina from 
Philadelphia, by one Medlicott another of Every's men 
and surgeon of his ship ; another of them one Clause 
a cooper lives now in Philadelphia ; I have seen him 
almost every day in the streets and James Brown one 
also of that company is married to Mr. Markham's 
daughter." 

In consequence of such information we find that the 
Lords of Trade presented to the Lords Justices at 
Whitehall, August lOth, 1699, a report in which they 
conclude by saying, " We humbly propose that direc- 
tions may be given to Mr. Penn to take care in that 
matter (meaning the pirates) upon his arrival there, 
according to the power conferred upon him by his 
patent." This, it will be observed, was about three 
weeks before his departure for America. 

To Penn this must have been a painful affair, both 
from his relationship and position. This can be seen 
in the following letter written on the 27th of this (i ith) 
month : 

" Cousin Markham. WHien I was with thee to-day 



2 3^^ WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

thou offered to be bound for thy son-in-law should he 
bring thee into it is all the portion I believe he has with 
thy daughter. What thou hast, I may ventiu'e to say 
thou hast got by this government. I think it very 
strange therefore that thou makest a difficulty in bind- 
ing thy Ivxecutor with thyself for his appearance. 
Should another be b(nuid, no man will take thy bond 
for thy own life, only for a counter security. Thou 
knowest it is contrary to the form of all obligations 
and I cannot but take it hard thou shouldst be un- 
willing to venture so much for thy own credit as well 
as that of the government and for the husband of thy 
only child from those I am not concerned with. I ex- 
pect a more express answer than thou hast yet given 
and remain thy affectionate kinsman. 

W. P." 

James Brown, here mentioned as the son-in-law of 
William Markham, was elected a Member of the As- 
sembly from Kent county, which body met in Phila- 
delphia the 3d of loth mo., 1699, but he did not attend. 
His father-in-law went security for his appearance in 
the sum of ^^^300, and was brought before the Assem- 
bly the 2d of 1 2th month following and, I believe, he 
was expelled. As there was no direct proof, and being 
only suspected of the charge, was some time afterwards 
released. His wife, as stated, was the only child. As 
respects Markham he had been commissioned by Penn 
deputy Governor of the Province the 24th of 9th 



TROUBLES RESPECTING PIRATES. 239 

month, 1694, and continued in the office till the Pro- 
proprietary's return on the 3d of loth month, 1699. 

On the 30th the Governor sent a letter to John Par- 
miter, whom he calls his " Cosin." We must confess 
at present that we are not able to furnish any other 
particulars concerning him. It would appear as if he 
had been on a visit here about the time of his arrival, 
and that he was now residing at New York. We 
select only a few of the most interesting extracts : 

" Cosin Parmiter, I am glad the rigour of the season 
had no greater influence on thy journey home. But 
my engagements at that time in public affairs and set- 
tling my family will plead the excuse, which I hope 
thy next visit shall not need. I am obliged for thy 
quick care about the wine ; I doubt not but thine and 
Dr. Rodman's skill, with Col. Depeister's good humour, 
will supply me with what is good ; and if so, another 
hogshead would not be unwelcome. This place is so 
very dry of wine at present that a small sloop load from 
thence would I believe, meet with a very ready market 
and encouraging price." 

Besides the above we find two more letters written 
on this day. One to Lieut. Governor John Nanfan of 
New York, in which he says, " I am sorry the rigour 
of the season has had such influence upon the Earl of 
Bellomont, the climate though healthy is too churlish 
to the gout, but for that reason the spring will be his, 
towards an easier condition. I beg my most respect- 
ful salutes to him and his worthy Lady. He 



240 WM. PENX IN AMERICA. 

honoured me with a letter the other day, which, if not 
by this I intend to acknowledge by next post." 

Though hinted at, he did send however by the 
same "post " a letter to Lord Bellomont from Philadel- 
phia, in which he communicates the news of the 
birth of a son. " I heartily condole," he says, " thy 
hard treatment from the gout, a distemper easily pro- 
voked by this churlish climate, or season of the year, 
but I hope the approach of Spring will moderate its 
rigour, and engage thee to look toward these parts. I 
thank Almighty God we are all well, my wife is safely 
laid of a boy and both well for their time. She was 
brought to bed the 28th instant." 

The son alluded to was John Penn, distinguished as 
" the American," who was born in what was called the 
Slate Roof House, situated at the corner of Second 
street and Norris alley, now changed to Gothic street. 
It was built by Samuel Carpenter and was then con- 
sidered one of the best built dwellings in the town. 
According to James Logan's letter, the Proprietary 
must have removed with his family from Edward 
Shippen's mansion into it about the beginning of the 
present month. It was rented by Penn for two years, 
but continued to be afterwards used by his Secretary 
Logan as an office for the transaction of Proprietary 
affairs and public business. It was purchased in 1703 
by Wm. Trent for ^^"850, and subsequently owned by 
Isaac Norris. 

We have now arrived at February, the last month of 



TROUBLES RESPECTINC; PIRATES. 24 1 

the year 1699, and find from the minutes that meet- 
ings of the Council were held in Philadelphia on the 
1st, 2d, 3d, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, loth, 14th, 15th 
and 1 6th, at all of which the Governor was present. 
On the loth he stated to the Council and Assembly 
that he intended to call the next Assembly according 
to Charter at the usual and annual time. To which 
the Members of Assembly through their Speaker de- 
clared was to their satisfaction. The Governor then 
asked them whether they had any other business that 
needed his attention at this time, to which they gave a 
negative answer. He then said, " Gentlemen you are 
disolved, and I hereby dissolve you." Whereupon 
they thanked him and departed and so ended the 
session. 

" Soon after his arrival," says Proud in his History 
(vol. I, p. 423), " he met the Assembly; but it being 
then a xery rigorous season, in the winter, much public 
business does not appear to have been transacted, at 
that time, besides attempting to discourage piracy and 
illicit trade; for which principally, the Proprietary 
seems to have convened them. He strongly repre- 
sented the odium, to which he was under, to his 
superiors, to correct the same. Hence, two laws were 
passed, for these purposes, and measures taken to clear 
the government from all unjust imputations of this 
nature." 

On the 2d, two letters were written by Penn, one 
16 



242 \VM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

was addressed to Sir Thomas Beeston of Jamaica and 
the other to the Governor of Barbadoes. In the latter 
he says, " I landed the 3d of December, our place is 
healthy now, and our General Assembly sitting upon 
only two laws, one against piracy and the other against 
illicit trade." It may be inferred from this that there 
was no occasion at present for any other legislation. 

A warrant was issued on the 1 7th to Thomas Fair- 
man the deputy surveyor to proceed and lay out 10,000 
acres of land to be called the " Manor of Perkesey," 
for the use of his infant son now but three weeks old. 
He also directed him to lay out 40,000 acres additional 
for the use of his other children. His charge for the 
first survey was ^^37. 10 and for the other /"130. The 
manor of Perkasie was situated in Rockhill township, 
Bucks county. Thomas Penn in 1759 donated 2,500 
acres of this tract, "being one-fourth part" to the use 
of the University of Pennsylvania, who still hold the 
same. According to Oldmixon the name is derived 
from Perkiomen, a branch of which stream flows 
through the manor. 

The Governor summons Robert Asheton, " high 
sheriff of Philadelphia," on the 19th of 12th month, 
1699, to hold an election on the i ith of the following 
month (March) for three persons to serve in the Pro- 
vincial Council and to the General Assembly for said 
county. As respects this sheriff we have an interest 
from the fact that Penn executed a deed, the 30th of 
May, 1687, in which he says, " I did give unto my 



THE (iOVERNOR HAS A SON BORN. 243 

cousins Robert, Francis, Mary, Rachel and John Ashe- 
ton, the latter having since died, of the county of Lan- 
caster, England, 3000 acres of land," whereof Robert 
Asheton's share containing 314 acres was laid out to 
him in Whitemarsh township, Philadelphia county, the 
20th of 4th month 1 702 ; for which he is to pay " one 
silver shilling for every one hundred acres on the first 
day of the first month of every year." He was ap- 
pointed by Penn under the charter granted to the city, 
October 25th, 1701, Clerk of the Courts and Prothono- 
tary. In 170H he was appointed in addition Recorder 
of the City, which several offices he held till his death 
in August, 1727. As mentioned in Penn's letter (Chap- 
ter XXV^) he was an Episcopalian and was buried 
with considerable display by torchlight at Christ 
Church. According to one of his statements he mu.st 
have arrived here in 1699, very probably with the 
Proprietary. When the latter made his will at New 
Castle the 30th of 8th month, 1701, we find him 
present as one of the witnesses. I have since ascer- 
tained from the Records of Christ Church that his 
parents were Ralph and Susanna Asheton. 

" On the 19th," says Thomas Story in his Journal, 
" I went to Burlington where I met William Penn, to 
our mutual satisfaction. That evening (the 26th) I re- 
turned to Burlington, where was a youths' meeting 
next day, which was large and comfortable ; and Wil- 
liam Penn being likewise there, we tarried till the 29th, 
and then went to a ([uaitcrly meeting at Nesliaminy, 



244 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

in Pennsylvania, which, though not large, was well ; 
and that evening we went to Philadelphia, where I 
remained till the 5th of the first month," 1700. An 
examination of the minutes of the Bucks County 
Quarterly Meeting of that date confirms the fact of 
such a meeting having been held and of which Phineas 
Pemberton was clerk ; but no mention whatever is 
made of the presence of either of those distinguished 
visitors, though it appears considerable business was 
transacted. 

Penn deemed it his duty to write a long letter on 
the 28th to the Commissioners of Customs respect- 
ing the pirates, and to justify the proceedings of his 
government in the course pursued against them, and 
what he further expected from the late enactments 
of the legislature. 

Some time this year a mill was built about one and 
a half miles northwest of Chester on the left bank 
of the creek, beside the ford and road leading to 
Philadelphia. The original partners were William 
Penn, Samuel Carpenter and Caleb Pusey who con- 
ducted the business. An iron vane was placed 
thereon pierced to bear the following inscription, 
s. c. ■ c. F. The mill has been demolished for some 

1699. 

time when the vane came in possession of Reese W. 
Flower who presented it to the Historical Society, 
June 13th, 1864. In 1872 the Society had it richly 
gilt and placed on the roof of their new hall on Spruce 



THE (iOVERNOR HAS A SOi\ liORN. 245 

street, where it was engaged in doing its i8ist year of 
duty, but since removed to their present location, 1300 
Locust street. 



246 WM. PENX IN AMERICA. 



CHAPTER XXII. 
penn's proposals for the moral impro\ement of 

THE negroes and INDIANS. MEANNESS IN 

allowing him NO COMPENSATION. 

HIS ABILITIES AS A WRITER. 

[Marc/i — June, ijoo7\ 

At a meeting of the Council, held in Philadelphia 
on the 6th of 1st month (March), 1700, the Governor 
read the letter he had received from Secretary Vernon 
about sending home the pirates, and also the remarks 
of the Earl of Bellomont on the same. After some 
debate about the time and mode of transporting Dr. 
Brandingham and David Evans, the prisoners here, it 
was the opinion of the board that the Governor write 
again to the Earl of Bellomont on the matter and like- 
wise to his deputy Nanfan, whether they will send for 
them and their treasure with a guard, or whether they 
must be sent from here to New York. Whereupon 
Council adjourned to meet again on the 30th of the 
present month. 

Penn addressed a letter on the 6th to Lieut- 
Governor Nanfan in which he savs, " I wait an answer 



IMPROVEMENT OF NEGROES AND INDIANS. 247 

to my last from the Earl of Bellomont, before I pro- 
ceed any further about the Pirates, and should take it 
for a favour to know the exact time of your frigate 
being ready to take in these unhappy people. I am 
glad the fair weather continues, hoping it will favour 
New York with the Lord Bellomont's presence and 
that at least our commerce may be easier, which I 
assure will be very grateful to him that with hearty 
salutes and good wishes is thy assured and affectionate 
friend." On the following day he sent another letter 
to the same, communicating the results of the Council's 
deliberations. 

He addressed a long letter to Secretary Vernon on 
the I oth about the pirates. In regard to Philadelphia he 
says " we are now healthy and the river open and the 
spring looking favourably upon us. Here is a mighty 
improvement both in town and country, and if not dis- 
couraged may prove a specimen of industry not 
inferior to any of this or former ages." 

The Governor had a re-survey made of his manor 
of Pennsbury, from which David Powell prepared a 
draft completed and signed on the 1 3th, depositing 
also a copy in the Surveyor-General's office. Accord- 
ing to the same the manor now contained 6,543 acres, 
about 1 ,888 acres having been either sold off or granted 
to servants attached to the place since the close of 
1682. 

In a letter to Col.Codrington on the i 5th the Gover- 
nor says, "The King has sent for the Pirates by the 



248 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

Advice frigate and their treasure whether it be money 
or goods upon oath, which is hard that the Provinces 
must be at the charge and that what should pay them 
must go all to England." 

Through the encouragement of the home govern- 
ment a coiisiderable number of negroes had been 
brought into the Province from Africa, and disposed of 
as slaves. Their condition and improvement arrested 
the attention of Penn, and accordingly in this month 
and year he introduced the subject before th2 Philadel- 
phia Monthly Meeting who, in their minutes, gave it 
the following notice : 

" Our dear Friend and Governor having laid before 
this meeting a concern that hath lain upon his mind for 
some time, concerning the Negroes and Indians, that 
Friends ought to be very careful in discharging a good 
conscience towards them in all respects, but more es- 
pecially for the good of their souls, and that they 
might, as frequent as may be, come to meetings on 
First days, upon consideration whereof this meeting 
concludes to appoint a meeting for the Negroes, to be 
kept once a month, &c., and that their masters give 
notice thereof in their own families, and be present with 
them at the said meetings as frequent as may be." 

His proposals having been agreed upon, he now en- 
deavored to proceed still further in the good work, and 
prepared a bill "for regulating negroes in their morals 
and marriages," and another " for the regulation of their 
trials and punishments." Though they met the appro- 



IMPROVEMENT OF NEGROES AND INDIANS. 249 

bation of the Council, the first was rejected by the As- 
sembly to the regret of the worthy Governor. As re- 
gards his application to the Monthly Meeting, Robert 
Proud remarks (vol. I, p. 423), " Hence a meeting was 
appointed more particularly for the Negroes once every 
month ; and means were used to have more frequent 
meetings with the Indians ; William Penn taking part 
of the charge upon himself, particularly the manner of 
it, and the procuring of interpreters. 

Though in these opinions he was decidedly in ad- 
vance of the age, we do not find anywhere in his writ- 
ings anything in relation to the wrongfulness of slavery. 
This we could not well expect from one while he held 
and owned slaves, but by his will made the 30th of 7th 
month of the following year he mentions therein of giv- 
ing to " my blacks their freedom as is under my hand 
already." Thus clearly demonstrating that his senti- 
ments were not favorable to retaining people in bond- 
age ; we might further add to his still higher credit, that 
no evidence exists that he ever sold or disposed of 
them. 

The Council met in Philadelphia April 1st, 1 700, on 
which occasion the Proprietary and Governor made to 
them an able and interesting address from which we 
extract the following : 

" Friends, if in the Constitution by Charter there be 
any thing that jars, alter it ; if you want a law for this 
or that prepare it. I advise you not to trifie with 
government. I wish there was no need of an\-, but 



250 \VM. PENX IN" AMERICA. 

since crimes prevail government is made necessary by- 
man's degeneration. It is not an end but a means ; he 
that thinks it an end aims at profit to make a trade of 
it. He who thinks it to be a means understands the 
true end of government. Friends, away with all parties, 
and look on yourselves and what is good for all, as a 
body politic, first as under the King and crown of 
England and next as under me, by letters patent from 
that crown. At the late election at Philadelphia, I was 
grieved to hear some make it a matter of religion ; no 
its humane and moral relating to trade, traffic and 
public good consisting in virtue and justice; where 
these are maintained there is government indeed. 
Study peace, and be at unity for the good of all, and I 
desire to see mine no otherwise than in the public's 
prosperity. 

" The last Assembly made two laws, the one against 
piracy, the other against forbidden trade. I hear they 
have not sat easy on the backs of some, but I hope, we 
have therein been careful of England, we shall have 
thanks for making them before we had orders so to do, 
and after so many calumnies and complaints we have 
been charged with. I hope these two laws will in 
some degree wash us clean ; what concerns myself I 
also leave with you to consider. I have now been 
nineteen years your Proprietor and Governor, and I 
have at my charge maintained my deputy, whereby I 
have much worsted my estate, and hope it will be no 
wonder to any to hear me make this mention of it. 



IMPROVEMENTS OF NECiROES AN'l) INDIANS. 25 I 

Some say I come to get money and begone, perhaps 
they that say so, wish it so. I hope I or mine shall be 
with you, while I or they live. The disasters of my 
absence have been mine as well as yours, and as I am 
used shall make suitable returns. I have lately two 
packets from Whitehall ; also one to my cousin Mark- 
ham, and two from Secretary Vernon and am com- 
mended by the Lords Justices to make laws against 
piracy and illegal trade. I am glad we have prevented 
their commands in doing it before they came." 

Meetings of the Council were also held in this 
month on the 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th, gth, loth, 
I ith, I2th, 13th and i 5th, but nothing of particular 
interest transpired. 

The affair concerning the pirates still occupied con- 
siderable of the Governor's attention, and in a letter 
dated on the i 8th to Lord Bellomont says, " The pris- 
oners and money taken in this Province namely Brad- 
ingham, Eldridge and Evans I hope are safely arrived 
at New York or shipped at least on board the New- 
port galle^^ There were two more, one Arnold and 
Stanton, the last ran away long before my arrival and 
the first of them b)' Col. Quarry's orders sent with 
Eldridge to Burlington, he being Judge of the Admir- 
alty on that side also, and was by Col. Bass admitted 
to bail and is somewhere in Rhode Island or Con- 
necticut, or was lately." 

"There came lately to my notice," remarks Penn in 
a letter of the 22d to the Lords of Trade and Planta- 



252 \VM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

tions, " this information that when Captain Kidd was 
off our Capes, there went on board one George 
Thompson, Peter Lewis, Henry Stretcher, William 
Orr and Diggory Tenny, from the town of Lewis in 
Sussex. The three first stayed on board twenty-four 
hours, the two last but an hour, both companies 
brought goods on shore I hear to the value of /"300 
which they concealed and sold, as they could dispose 
of Some are yet in their custody. Thompson, Lewis 
and Orr, were on suspicion of being old pirates, whose 
comrades have long sown themselves in Boston, 
Rhode Island, New York, Jersey, Pennsylvania, Mary- 
land, Virginia and Carolina, where their Captain, one 
Reiner now dwells and Col. Quarry tells me he 
bought their ship, they were eighty-four in company. 
Five of them are in this government, but thirty of them 
followed husbandry turning planters, the others have 
traded." 

We now find from Penn's letter of the 23d addressed 
to Lieut. Governor Nanfan, that Markham's son-in-law 
had now also been sent on for trial. Respecting the 
circumstance, he mentions that " another person one 
James Brown was brought to town by warrant, who 
not only lies under the suspicion of piracy, but if inno- 
cent of that, had the unhappiness however of coming 
home in company with Every's men. I now send him 
to New York, and desire he may, with the rest in 
Newport, be carried to Boston, where the whole cir- 
cumstances of his voyage are best known, and where 



ALLOWING HIM NO COiMPENSATION. 253 

the Earl of Bellomont's prudence will best understand 
what is fit to be done with him, if the evidence he says 
he can produce there of his innocency be not sufficient 
to clear him, as he pretends it has once done already, 
before Lieut. Governor Stoughton." 

During May or 3d month, we can find but very 
little relating to Penn. From the minutes of Council 
we know that he was present at their meetings in 
Philadelphia on the loth, 13th, 14th, 15th, i6th, 17th, 
24th, 25th, 27th, 28th, 29th, 30th and 31st. 

On the last mentioned date he laid before the Coun- 
cil and Assembly "a bill of supply to him as Gover- 
nor, who never yet these twenty years past had had a 
farthing from tliem." We are inclined to believe that 
this statement thus publicly made must certainly be 
true, and to those who should best know. In his ad- 
dress to the Council the previous month he says, " I 
have now been nineteen years your Proprietor and 
Governor, and I have at my charge maintained my 
deputy, whereby I have much worsted my estate." 
Respecting this matter Isaac Norris thus alludes in a 
letter to Philip Ford, written on the i 3th of the fol- 
lowing (4th) month : " Our Assembly, after a monthly 
sitting and hot debate, broke up, and did little more 
than deliver up and vote out the Charter. A bill was 
prepared to give our Governor three pounds tax, but 
opposed and voted out — I think very unhandsomely. 
They have given him, indeed, an impo.st upon liquors, 
which some of them magnify to i'looo per annum, 



2 54 ^^'-^l- i'ENN IN AMERICA. 

because they would seem to come off^ with fl)'ing 
colors; but I do not think it worth one half the 
money. E.Kperience will show." 

This meanness on the part of the Assembly, as well 
as the people here recalls the remarks of Governor 
Fletcher on this very subject in 1693. " It is reported 
that how much soevei' the)' appear his friends they 
stagger when he comes near their purses." Again to 
the Board of Trade he says, " Your Lordships will per- 
ceive that these people have as little regard for the in- 
terest of their Proprietor Mr. Penn as they have for 
his Majesty's service." In his Address to Friends be- 
fore his late departure he said, " I have from the first 
endeavored to serve you, and that at my own charges, 
with an upright mind, however misunderstood and 
treated by some whom I heartily forgive." The 
Spaniards have been accused with ingratitude to Co- 
lumbus, but he was a foreigner, and it had happened 
two centuries before. Penn in comparison lived in a 
modern age and the ingratitude manifested towards 
him was altogether by his countrymen and friends, of 
whom he had a right to expect more. It would thus 
appear that cool, designing, selfish beings were not un- 
frequent even in those days, from whom it was his lot 
unfortunately to realize bitter lessons of experience 
both here and in England. 

Meetings with the Council were held by Penn on 
June 1st, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 25th and 26th, when 
they adjourned to the ist of the following month. On 



HIS ABILITIES AS A WRITER. 255 

the 25th, the Governor sent the messenger to have the 
Council to attend him at his house. Edward Shippen, 
Samuel Carpenter, John Moll, William Clark, Caleb 
Pusey and Robert Turner appeared, Griffith Owen and 
Joseph Growdon being absent. He stated to them 
that since the Charter was delivered up again to him, 
it was not proper that he should be without a Council 
and that therefore he had made choice of them, and 
desired the Secretary to read the qualification prepared 
for them to sign, which was accordingly subscribed 
and they took their places at the board. On the fol- 
lowing day it was agreed that the Council meet every 
4th day of the week at the Governor's house, at 9 
o'clock in the forenoon and oftener if he should deem 
it necessary to give them notice. 

We have previously spoken of Penn's ability and 
aptitude as a letter writer, and the following is no ex- 
ception. We regret, owing to its length, that we can- 
not give this letter entire ; it was addressed to M. 
Birch, who, it appears, was the Collector of Customs 
at New Castle, a position he held under the home 
government. We wish the communication that 
elicited the reply could also be given, if for no other 
reason than for comparison. 

" Philada. 2d, 4th month, 1700. 
" M. Birch, I received thy short hand letter of the 
28th past, and am sorry that after so much care taken 
to make masters of vessels remember their dutv to the 



256 WM. PENX IX AMERICA. 

Port and solemn promises given by them before they 
are discharged here, any should be so rude or negligent 
as to pass you by unregarded. There is a short Bill 
now before the Assembly to make omission penal. 
Yet hadst thou a boat as Collectors in other places 
have, and which thou canst not think I am obliged to 
find thee, thou mightst easily take a course, having law 
on thy side and art like to have a stronger, to make 
them more observant and bring the refractory to 
reason. Thou canst not expect that any at Philadel- 
phia forty miles distant from you can put laws in 
execution at New Castle, without any care or vigilance 
of officers there, especially since no place in the river 
or bay yields that prospect that is at New Castle of 
seeing twenty miles one way and a dozen the other, 
any vessel coming either up or down. 

" I must confess I thought the particular regard I 
have always shown to the King's concerns since my 
arrival, as well as his immediate officers, and their par- 
ticular interests might have deserved better returns than 
such testy expressions as thou flingst out in thy letters 
both to myself and of me to the Members of Council, 
Pray let not me be a sufferer for the pique thou hast 
against the Collector here. I have nothing to do with 
your differences let your Masters at home decide it, 
what comes fairly before me I shall acquit myself with 
honour and justice to the best of my understanding, 
without regard to fear or favour for those sordid pas- 
sions shall never move the Proprietor and Governor of 



HIS ABILITIES AS A WRITER. 257 

Pennsylvania. I understood thou talkst of writing 
home, and making. I know not what complaints. I 
hope thou wilt be cautious on that point at least I 
should write too, which when I do, may prove loud 
enough to make thee sensible of it at a distance." 



17 



258 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

PENN SUGGESTS THE NIGHT WATCH IN PHILADELPHIA. 
ATTENDS H.WERFORD MEETING. MAKES ADDI- 
TIONAL IMPROVEMENTS AT PENNSBURY. 

\_Jiify, August, i/oo.'] 

As had been determined, on adjournment, the Coun- 
cil met at the Governor's house on the ist of July, 
1700, when it was unanimously agreed upon that a per- 
son be appointed and authorized to go through the 
town with a small bell during the night to give notice 
of the hour and weather, and also if any disorders or 
danger happen from fire or otherwise, to inform the 
constables thereof It was further agreed that the Sec- 
retary " give notice to Benjamin Chambers and 

Powell, keepers of the ferries over Schuylkill, that after 
the close of day to transport no persons unless well 
known to them or that cannot give a good account of 
themselves." This undoubtedly was the origin of the 
night watchmen in Philadelphia. The Governor pro- 
posed to the Council to consider upon the law about 
making prisons more effectually workhouses. It was 
upon this idea that the present penitentiaries and houses 



PENN SUGGESTS THE NIGHT WATCH. 259 

of refuge in the State were established, and we there- 
fore need not wonder that the " Pennsylvania system " 
has had such an extended reputation for the reformation 
of criminals. The Governor held meetings of the 
Council also on the 3d, loth, 17th, 24th and 31st of 
this month. 

In a letter to Lore! Bellomont, dated " Philia. 4, 5 
mo., 1700" the Governor remarks, "If thy Indian 
officers are true to thee, and that seasonable presents 
be made them I should be under no apprehensions of 
danger. I expect two hundred of our Western and 
Northern Indians with me every day, and shall en- 
deavor such an understanding with them as may dis- 
appoint the French this way and find out their coun- 
sels, as far as may be on your side. I am not without 
some perplexity from the same men and measures that 
have been thine but I am not without hopes of con- 
quering them. A Governor has need of wisdom and 
patience, as well as justice which I pray for. I have 
had the company of my kinsman Parmiter some weeks 
whom I find thy sincere servant." 

Since his return from PLngland we now find the 
earliest positive information of Penn residing at Penns- 
bury. This in part, no doubt, was owing to his family 
relations as well as the nature of his complicated 
affairs respecting the pirates, the giving up the Char- 
ter, the withholding of compensation and numerous 
other matters that could best require attention at the 
metropolis and seat of government. Owing to a gouty 



26o WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

attack of his limb he was now in part confined to 
bed, as the following extracts will show (Penn and 
Logan Cors., vol. I, pp. 4, 5), from a letter dated at 
Pennsbury the 23d of 5th month, 1700, and addressed 
to his Secretary, James Logan, in Philadelphia. In 
his letter to Lord Bellomont mention is made of an 
expectation every day of a visit from several hundred 
Indians, which he now directs to come to Pennsbury 
if he should not be able to come to town, and for whom 
he was now making preparations to entertain. 

" I am concerned my leg is so little encouraging for 
a journey, and John is not here to row ; however I 
propose to be in town, if I can, to-morrow ; if not able 
to be there by five in the afternoon, must submit to 
Providence, and desire four of the Council, the collector, 
and minutes and witnesses to come hither, which they 
may do by my barge, which I will send to Burlington 
for them, where they may come in a Burlington boat 
to-morrow by twelve, and be here by two. However 
let John have the coach ready, and horses to put in it, 
that if I come, I may be helped down. Salute me to 
the Commissioners and Council, and Friends. We are 
else well, and pleased in our retreat. 

" Half the five gallons of rum ran out, at Philadel- 
phia, in the boat, as they say. If I am not with you 
to-morrow, by eleven or five, let the Indians come 
hither ; but send, in the boat, white bread, more rum, 
and the match-coats. Let the Council adjourn to this 
place. If I come not, here will be victuals, and they 



ATTENDS HAVERFORD MEETING. 26 1 

may lie at Burlington. I wrote part of this upon the 
bed." 

An addition having been built this year to the Hav- 
erford meeting house at an expense of iJ^isS, which 
greatly increased its accommodations to the wants of a 
growing neighborhood. Robert Sutcliff, a Friend 
from Sheffield, England, in his " Travels in North 
America" (p. 109) makes mention of having visited 
this meeting the 12th of loth month, 1805, and of 
which he gives the following interesting account : 
" This day attended Haverford meeting, at which were 
several strangers. This is one of the oldest meeting- 
houses in America ; and at the early settlement of this 
meeting. Friends of Philadelphia went every third 
First day to attend it ; most of them coming on foot a 
distance of about ten miles. At that time nearly the 
whole of the road was through a shady forest. By 
the early minutes of the Monthly Meeting, it appears 
that several Friends were appointed to mark out a road 
through the woods from Philadelphia, to Haverford 
and Radnor meetings." 

At page 2 1 1 mentions that several months previous 
he spent an evening at the house of R. J., a very aged 
Friend residing near Merion, who related to him that 
" he had heard from an ancient Friend at whose house 
he had lodged, of the name of Rebecca Wood. When 
a little girl she used sometimes to walk from Darby, 
where she resided, to Haverford meeting, the distance 
of a few miles. One day as she was walking along, 



262 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

she was overtaken by a Friend on horseback, who 
proved to be William Penn. On coming up with her 
he inquired where she was going ; and on her inform- 
ing him, he, with his usual good nature, desired her to 
get up behind him ; and bringing his horse to a con- 
venient place, she mounted, and so rode away upon the 
bare back. Being without shoes or stockings, her 
bare legs and feet hung dangling by the side of the 
governor's horse. Although William Penn was at 
that time both Governor and Proprietor, he did not 
think it beneath him thus to help along a poor bare- 
footed girl on her way to meeting, and notwithstand- 
ing the maxims and customs of the world, these little 
kind offices to those he was appointed to govern, that 
there perhaps never was a Governor, who stood higher 
in the opinion of those governed by him, than William 
Penn did." 

A tradition still prevails in the neighborhood on the 
occasion of the Governor attending this meeting, which 
it is very likely was about this time, that he arose and 
spoke and that a number of the Welsh Friends present 
could not understand him, having no knowledge of 
the language. But this was nothing new, for having 
settled in a great body the Welsh was chiefly spoken 
there for many years afterwards. 

On the 2d of 6th month, Hannah Penn writes from 
Pennsbury to Logan wherein she mentions that "al- 
though John tells my husband of bricks prepared by 
J. Redman, yet he inclines to let E. James finish the 



MAKES IMPROVEMENTS AT PENNSBURY. 263 

room which his men have begun. As for bricks, let 
him get no more than he has already bespoke, for my 
husband is informed he may have these of a new 
maker at Burlington, a crown cheaper, and much 
better, besides less charge in bringing. We expect 
John Sotcher to-morrow. Pray send by the first boat 
the deal boards from John Parsons, and our dog-wheel, 
not else ; but desire thou wilt let me hear of all op- 
portunities for England, and of any considerable news 
thence. We are all indifferent well. Let not Jack go 
till the Indians have been there ; and get Indian meal 
for mush against they come. Pray send a pound or 
two chocolate, if to be had." 

We ascertain from the aforesaid that considerable 
improvements were being made to the buildings at 
Pennsbury. By Jack the steward John Sotcher is evi- 
dently meant, and we observe preparations being still 
made for the expected coming of the Indians. By the 
inquiry concerning news from England was meant 
whether any letters had been received from there or 
opportunities offered to send. 

A meeting of the Council was held in Philadelphia 
on the 7th of August at which the Governor was 
present. On which occasion complaint was made to 
the board " that the late firing of guns from on board 
some vessels lying before Philadelphia, has not only 
frightened women and children, but also some of the 
Seneca Indians that came hither to treat with this 
government to depart, believing the firing of said guns 



264 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

to have been signs of hostility intended against them. 
It was therefore ordered that no vessels lying before 
the town of Philadelphia shall fire any guns but at 
coming in and going out, as a sign of their arrival and 
departure, and that James Logan give notice to Mas- 
ters of vessels of this order at the entry of their vessels 
in his office. The Governor also, informed the three 
Seneca Indians that staid behind that it was the cus- 
tom of the English to fire guns as a sign of joy and 
kind entertainment of their friends coming on board ; 
and as in no ways intended to frighten or disoblige 
them. He also informed them, that they were and 
should be very welcome to this government, and in 
token of amity and friendship with them gave them a 
belt of wampum, to be shown to the other Seneca 
Indians that went away upon firing the said guns, 
which they kindly accepted. The Governor also de- 
sired the members of Council to go on board Capt. 
Sims' vessel with the said three Indians and their in- 
terpreter, that they might see the manner of the 
English on board their vessels, which was accordingly 
done to their great satisfaction." 

Penn met the Council again in Philadelphia on the 
14th and 15th. On the latter day it was " ordered by 
the Governor and Council, that the King's highway or 
public road, and the bridges thereon from the town of 
Philadelphia to the Falls of Delaware that now are, be 
with all expedition sufficiently cut and cleared from all 
timber, trees, stumps, logs and all other nuisances 



MAKES IMPROVEMENTS AT PENNSBURV. 265 

whatsoever that lie across said way, and that the same 
over all creeks and branches, may be made passable, 
commodious, safe and easy for man, horse, cart, wagon 
or team, by the respective overseers of the highways 
and bridges within the respective precincts, townships 
and counties of Philadelphia and Bucks, according to 
law. And that the respective Courts of Justice and 
Justices of the Peace in the said Counties, cause the 
same to be duly performed, and the laws in those cases 
made and provided to be strictly put in execution, un- 
der the respective penalties therein contained, and that 
the Secretary send a copy of this order to the counties 
of Philadelphia and Bucks respectively." 

On the 2 2d the Governor wrote from Pennsbury to 
Logan, and in regard to the surveys then being made 
says, "Take care also that I have five hundred acres in 
every township that is laid out, and that the surveyor 
do me right therein. Send me up one of Samuel 
Carpenter's compasses for the woods, to steer by and 
take courses, by the first opportunity. Urge the Jus- 
tices about the bridge at Pennepecka and Poquessin, 
forthwith for a carriage, or I cannot come down. J. 
Redson would be expeditious in it, if pressed from 
me." 

Hannah Penn on said day to the same, mentions 
that " If the Swiss Captain be uneasy to stay till next 
week, fail not to accompany him Fourth or Fifth day ; 
but you must depend on nothing here but a dinner, 
and return to Buckingham or Burlington at night, 



266 WM. PENN JN AMERICA. 

because of company in the house. Endeavor to in- 
form thyself of his inclination ; and if practicable en- 
courage it, makes my husband the more solicitious to 
have him pleased. Let Edward Shippen know his 
daughters are well, and shall come in our boat with 
John to-morrow or next day." 

In the aforesaid we see that the Governor must have 
been considerably given to journeys on horseback 
through the woods at this time to require the use of a 
compass. We also learn that he was desirous that the 
bridges over the Pennypack and Poquessing be finished 
for the crossing of his carriage to Philadelphia. 
Buckingham was the ancient name of Bristol, where a 
house of entertainment had been established before the 
Proprietary's first arrival. The hint about ascertaining 
the Captain's inclination is quite ingenious. Edward 
Shippen, whose daughters had been visiting at Penns- 
bury, came from Hilham in Yorkshire, PLngland, and 
emigrated to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1669. Being 
a member of the Society of Friends and owing to 
persecution removed from there to Philadelphia in 
1693. On his arrival in December, 1699, the 
Governor and his family occupied his mansion for 
about a month. When the city was chartered in 
October of the following year he was appointed by 
Penn its first Mayor. He also held other offices as 
Speaker of Assembly and member of the Provincial 
Council. 

We hear from Pennsbury again on the 31st. "I 



MAKES IMPROVEMENTS AT PENNSBURY. 26/ 

want," writes the Governor, "a quire of large and 
small quarto paper, by first opportunity. The fur, 
&c., is come, a dear voyage by the boat. Let me 
know John Askew's last day, or his ships. If the 
foxes be any inconvenience, pray forbid it, for I am in- 
different to send or stay them. We shall want about 
twelve bushels of lime more, which send off first to 
Samuel Jennings for me. We are through mercy 
well." 

He had expected to send to England as a present to 
a friend a couple of young tame foxes. By the 
demand for more lime denotes that the improvements 
there were still going on, and it was perhaps owing to 
the unfinished state of the buildings at this time that 
the accommodations for lodeers was limited. 



268 WM. PEXN IN AMERICA. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

TOO MUCH THE PRACTICE TO CHEAT THE GOVERNOR. 

PACIFIES A TROUBLESOME INDIAN. VISITS 

NEW YORK WITH THE GOVERNORS 
OF VIRGINIA AND NEW JERSEY. 

\_Septciuber, i/oo.l 

"During the greater portion of September, we are in- 
clined to believe, the Gov^ernor continued at Penns- 
bury, where he was still vigorously going on with his 
improvements. On the 3d he wrote from here to his 
Secretary, wherein he says, " I think to be in town the 
first fair day, and so let Edward Antill know. Send 
up our great stew-pan and cover, and little soup dish, 
and two or three pounds of coffee, if sold in the 
town, and three pounds of wick, ready spun for can- 
dles, per next opportunity. The lime may be kept till 
our men come up. Lassel is plumber enough ; but 
if thee can get Cornelius Empson's man, and he has 
tools, send speedily, for the house suffers in great rains 
for want thereof If Lassel dares undertake mend- 
ing of the leads, per first opportunity send him up. 
Three bundles of skins that Sol. Ward returned are 



PRACTICE TO CHEAT THE GOVERNOR. 269 

in my chamber ; send one to Biily, tlie others to my 
father, Callowhill, and get John Askew to put them in 
his chest, and give him the enclosed letters also." 

It would seem that coffee was not then an article of 
general sale and but little introduced. It appears the 
leakage of the " leads " was a constant source of trou- 
ble as well as expense, and from their imperfect con- 
dition eventually caused the destruction of the man- 
sion by a decay from the rains. By Billy is probably 
meant his son then in England. 

"Tell John Moore," he writes on the 5th, " I would 
have him get indicted one John Walch of that county 
for coming into this county and taking hence two 
strays ; one a roan mare and colt, and the other a 
brown bay gelding — both four years old last spring or 
thereabouts. 'Twas last 4th month. I have often 
heard ill of him for driving horses from one county to 
another, and am much a loser by such fellows and 
practices. It is too much a practice to think it no 
fault to cheat the Governor." Moore was prosecuting 
attorney in the Court of Admiralty established by the 
Crown. All unclaimed strays as well as unmarked 
stock were forfeited to the Governor. 

He writes again from Pennsbury the following day 
(6th of 7th mo., 1700), and thus alludes to Thomas 
Fairman. " I hear an Indian township called To- 
hickon, rich land, and much cleared by the Indians, 
he has not surveyed to mine and children's tract, as I 
expected. It joins upon the back of m\' manor of 



270 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

Highlands, and I am sorry my surveyor-general did 
not inform me thereof, for which cause he shall never 
survey a foot more ; but I will know where and what, 
by him or his deputies. I feared a surprise, told him 
so, and now find it to my great dissatisfaction ; but for 
the future shall prevent it. If it be not in thy war- 
rants, put it in, except lands already or formally 
taken up, or an Indian township. The Indians have 
been with me about it. 

" Next, pray speak for 3 or 4,000 bricks, and tell J. 
Parsons I expect his 150 foot of boards three months 
sooner, and pay for them. Also a load or thirty 
bushels of lime, and let them be ready by 6th night, if 
possible, to be here by the flat on 7th day, or 2d day, 
and two of my folks shall come in the little boat to 
bring it up. Fail not to send up a flitch of our bacon, 
and by all means chocolate, if to be had, and a cask 
of middling flour, from Samuel Carpenter or I. Norris, 
and some coffee-berries four pounds. Some flat and 
some deep earthen pans for milk and baking, which 
Betty Webb can help thee to, and cask of Indian meal ; 
search Lumley's goods, search for an ordinary side- 
saddle and pillion, and some coarse linen for towels. 
We are as well as the heat will let us, but my leg still 
out of order and swells still about my ankle. 

"Captain Hans stays; we have adjusted the matter. 
Encourage Hetcoqueean, and give him ten bits to 
fetch down the Indians, if they desire ; else not^ 
assure them of friendship. Let us have four dozen of 



PACIFIES A TROUBLESOME INDIAN. 2/1 

square hearth tiles, with the rest of the things. Let 
me know the last day of John Askew's stay ; also, if 
they will take a couple of young tame foxes. Pray 
examine closely about those that fired upon the 
Indians, and frighted them by Dan. Pegg's, it is of 
moment to us, and if true, roguishly designed, I 
doubt not, and shall be severely punished." 

Captain Hans was an Indian trader of whom there 
is some account in chapter xxvii. John Askew was a 
prominent London merchant, now on a visit to this 
country, and it would appear the owner of a ship. 
Daniel Pegg resided in the immediate vicinity of 
Front and Willow streets, where Pegg's run now 
empties into the Delaware through a culvert on the 
line of the latter street. We thus see that Penn was 
determined in all his actions, or as far as laid in his 
power, to be on amicable terms with the Indians, for 
which he cannot receive too much praise. 

Heckoqucom, Hetcoquean or Wehequeekhon, his 
name being variously spelled, is the only instance I 
have found in all my researches of any Indian being 
troublesome, either while Penn was in the colony or 
in the interval of his absence up to his departure for 
England. Respecting him in consequence, I have felt 
curious and have gleaned from various sources suffi- 
cient to make out the following account : In the deed 
of June 15th, 1692, he is called " King Hickoqucom," 
and with three others disposes of all their right to lands 
lying between the Neshaminy and Poquessing from 



2/2 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

the river Delaware. Polycarpus Rose informs the 
Council, December 19th, 1693, that about five weeks 
previous he had "some discourse with a certain Indian 
King, called Hicquoqueen," when he " resented the 
unkindness of the English to the Indians here ; and 
further said that they were not like to hold the land 
much longer, for that they were not satisfied for it." 
(Col. Records, vol. I, p. 396.) No doubt he is the 
same whoin Samuel Smith mentions in his history of 
the Province (Haz. Register, vol. II, p. 215) as coming 
to the house of John Chapman, one of the earliest 
settlers of Wrightstown, Bucks county, under the fol- 
lowing circumstances : " One of their chiefs," he says, 
" however one day coming to him in an angry tone 
told him it was their land he was settled on, pointing 
to a small distance, where the bounds of the English 
purchase and borrowing an axe, marked a line to the 
southeast of his house, and went away without giving 
him any further trouble at that time ; and the Proprie- 
tor's Commissioners soon after making a second pur- 
chas prevented any uneasiness in the future." In the 
deed of July 5th, 1697, Wehequeekhon alias Andrew, 
is mentioned as the son of Tamiiny and " who is to 
be king " after his death. This was for a purchase of 
the lands between the Pennypack and Neshaminy 
creeks. At a Council held at the house of Edward 
Farmer, Indian interpreter at Whitemarsh, the 19th of 
May, 171 2, mention is made that Hetoqueen had died 
soon after he had eot the belts from Governor Penn 



VISITS NEW YORK. 2/3 

eleven years before. He is mentioned as attending 
with several other Indians a Council held at Philadel- 
phia, July 26th, 1 701, at which time he may have 
received the afore-mentioned belts, as we know that 
Penn expected some Indians there about that time. 
We thus see that he was an Indian of some note 
whom Penn directed his Secretary to encourage with 
a present and as one possessing influence amongst 
them. From his claims he must have been a resident 
of Philadelphia or Bucks. He may have been of in- 
temperate habits, hence his troublesomeness which it is 
likely did not appear while the Proprietary was among 
us. 

The Governor on the 7th writes that " The weather 
by water hinders me. My leg is well advanced, and 
would not throw it back ; yet the first fair day, will, 
God willing, set forward ; and had done so sooner, if 
coach or calash had been here, as the ways are 
tolerable cut." He probably means that the weather 
was too stormy to travel with comfort or safety by 
water in his barge. We see that tolerable advance 
must have been made by this time in opening the road 
from Philadelphia to the Falls. 

Penn was present at a meeting of the Council held 
in Philadelphia on the i ith and following day. It was 
resolved on the 1 2th, that the Proprietary and Gover- 
nor issue writs immediately to summon the freemen in 
each county to meet on the 1st of 8th month next, to 

18 



2/4 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

choose four persons to serve as their representatives in 
Assembly, to meet at New Castle on the following 
14th, the Secretary to have said writs prepared forth- 
with. 

From the Pennsylvania Archives (vol. I, pp. 133-4), 
we learn that on the 1 3th, " Weddaagh, alias Orytyagh, 
and Andaggy-junkquagh, Kings or Sachemas of the 
Susquehanna Indians, and of the River under that 
name, and lands lying on both sides thereof, do declare 
that for and in consideration of a parcel of English 
goods, unto us given, by our friend and brother 
William Penn, Proprietary and Governor of Pennsyl- 
vania, and also in consideration of the former much 
greater costs and charges, the said William Penn hath 
been at intreating about and purchasing the same. 
We do hereby give, grant and confirm all the said riv^er 
Susquehanna and all the islands therein, and all the 
lands situate, lying and being upon both sides of the 
said river, and next adjoining to the same, extending 
to the utmost confines of the lands, which are or 
formerly were the right of the people or nation called 
the Susquehanna Indians. And we do hereby rat- 
ify and confirm unto the said William Penn the bar- 
gain and sale of the said lands, made unto Col. 
Thomas Dongan, now Earl of Limerick, and formerly 
Governor of New York, whose deed of sale to the 
said Governor Penn we have seen, to the said William 
Penn, his heirs and assigns forever, and set our hands 
and seals the 1 3th day of September 1 700. Sealed 



VISITS NEW YORK. 2/5 

and delivered in the presence of Edward Antill, Henry 
Tregeny, Esq., Edward Singleton, David Powell and 
James Logan." 

On the 14th, the Governor writes to Logan from 
Pennsbury that " We want rum here, having not a 
quarter of a pint in the house among so many work- 
men ; best in bottles sealed down, or it may be drawn 
and mixed ; send by Burlington boat, except S. Hill 
carefully carry it to Ann Jennings for us — six quarts ; 
and if an hogshead of lime could be reasonably 
brought by an\' boat that comes to the mill at Brocks, 
as Isaac Norris, etc, or to Burlington, we could send 
for it, and that would close all for this year of that nature 
we think. 

" Let Joseph Wood (sheriff of New Castle county) 
know that I hear Governors Nicholson and Blackiston 
intend in ten days for Philadelphia ; and that I would 
have him wait upon them with a good number of 
persons ; that he summon to wait at the borders of 
the county, and conduct them to New Castle, and 
thence till he meets with the sheriff of Chester county, 
to whom write to conduct them to the confines of his 
charge or county, where J. Farmer shall attend them. 
Let at least twenty persons be ordered for each party ; 
and write to H. Hollingsworth to help the sheriff to 
manage things. The magistrates of each place to 
give their attendance, some to. ride out, some to receive 
them at alighting. If needful, prepare a draught of an 
order or letter to each county, and send it me 



276 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

forthwith, as also to lodge them, and immediate ser- 
vants, at their private houses. The first fair day I 
intend down." 

By his orders we see that Penn was determined to 
exhibit to these Governors due respect, more than we 
would have otherwise expected. They accordingly came 
on to Philadelphia, but were both taken ill on the way. 
Col. Blackiston so much so that he was obliged to return 
to Maryland. Col. Nicholson, though very weak 
with the fever, came on to New York accompanied by 
Penn and Col. Hamilton, the Governor of New Jersey, 
where they arrived on the 22d and remained till the 
4th of the following month, when urgent business re- 
quired the Proprietary's return, more particularly in 
relation to the meeting of the Assembly on the 14th. 



MEETING OF THE ASSEMBLY. 27/ 



CHAPTER XXV. 

IMPORTANT MEETING OF THE ASSEMBLY AT NEW CAS- 
TLE. INTERCESSION AND SELF-SACRIFICE FOR 

A CONDEMNED VESSEL. ABLE RE- 
PLY TO COLONEL QUARRY. 

\_Ocfflbcr a)id November, //oo.^ 

On the i st of <Sth month or October, Penn addressed 
a letter from New York to his Secretary James Logan 
in Philadelphia, in which he says, " Give my love to 
Thomas Story, and tell him that I hope he supplies 
my absence about the laws, what is to alter or repeal, 
and that assist him therein. Colonel Nicholson has 
been very ill, and relapsed once or twice, which truly 
are of great importance to the weal of America." All 
laws passed here were carefully revised before being 
sent to England, and where they would have still to 
receive the royal approbation before they could be ef- 
fective. The Editor of the Penn and Logan Corres- 
pondence (vol. I, p. 1 6), states that Governor Nicholson 
of Virginia was at this time " Lieut. Governor of New 
England and New York; " which is an error ; besides 
we are not aware of any one person exercising such 



2/8 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

extensive territorial jurisdiction. The date of the 
aforesaid letter is also incorrectly given as 9th month 
in Janney's Life of Penn (2d ed., p. 434.) 

Respecting the visits of the several Governors to 
New York and their business at this time, Lord Bello- 
mont, the Governor, thus speaks in his letter to the 
Lords of Trade and Plantations, dated the 17th of 
this (8th mo. or Oct.) month. 

" As Col. Nicholson and Col. Blackiston were com- 
ing hither they were both taken ill on the way ; Col. 
Blackiston could come no further than Philadelphia 
and thence returned again to Maryland. Col. Nichol- 
son made a shift to get hither, but was very weak with 
his fever. He came here the 2 2d of last month, 
and returned the i ith instant. With him came Mr. 
Penn and Col. Hamilton Governor of the Jerseys. 
Col. Nicholson, Mr. Penn and I, had some discourse 
about these plantations ; the heads on which we dis- 
coursed were drawn up in short terms by Mr. Penn. 
Col. Nicholson's indisposition hindered us from putting 
these heads into better form, besides too Mr. Penn has 
forgot to take notice of the first head we talked of, 
namely : A method how to draw the remote Indians 
over to us. Mr. Penn's occasions called him hence 
the 4th instant, and Col. Nicholson seemed to think 
Col. Blackiston's presence for the necessary obser- 
vance of your Lordship's orders, and doing something 
which might answer your expectation and the end of 
our meeting-. 



MEETING OF THE ASSEMBLY. 2/9 

"We have determined to meet next spring at Phila- 
delphia. The 6th and 7th heads or articles in Mr. 
Penn's paper, Col. Nicholson and I declared to him 
were not pertinent to our purpose, the first of which 
is calculated to people his Proprietary colony, and 
the next is already ordered as he has stated it, by 
the King's commission and instructions to us, that 
are the Governors for the King. I shall hereafter 
offer some things to your Lordships consideration 
upon these and the like heads. I am assured from 
good hands that the profits of the Governor of Vir- 
ginia are ;£'4,ooo a year, and those of the Governor of 
Maryland ^^"2,500 a year. 

" Col. Nicholson and Mr. Pcnn endeavored to recon- 
cile the parties here, and took pains to reconcile me 
and the merchants. I told them I had no advances to 
make unless it could be proved I had governed arbi- 
trarily and oppressed them in their trade, contrary to 
law ; that for my part I was in charity with them and 
all the world, but if the merchants of New York ex- 
pected to be reconciled to me, upon the terms of my 
indulging them in unlawful trade and piracy they 
should find themselves still mistaken, for I would be 
as steady as a rock on these points." 

We here give the paper to which the Earl of Bello- 
mont alludes and is called " Mr. Penn's Suggestions 
respecting the Plantations," and indorsed " Heads of 
several things proper for the Plantations to be recom- 
mended home to England." Drawn up by Mr. Penn 



280 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

and communicated by him to the Earl of Bellomont 
and Col. Nicholson at their meeting at New York. 

1st. We are humbly of opinion for the more easy 
and certain commerce of the Northern Colonies of 
America under the Crown of England ; it would be 
convenient that there would be one standard or coin, 
or that money were of the same value ; for in Boston 
that pieces of 8 are 8s., 6s. go in New York for 6s. 
pd., in Jersey and Pennsylvania 7s. 8d., in Maryland 
4s. 6d., Virginia at 5s. and in Carolina. 

2nd. It would be much for the despatch of trade 
and business, if a mint for small silver to the value of 
6d. were allowed in the city of New York for preven- 
tion of clipping, filing as well as wearing, which is 
very troublesome. 

3rd. For the encouragement of returns it would be 
very expedient that due encouragement were given for 
the exportation of timber from hence for England by 
an impost on foreign timber, there being great quan- 
tities and good for shipping in these parts. 

4th. That great caution should be observed to ad- 
just the bounds with the French Commissioners or the 
loss will be great and irreparable. We take the south 
side of the River and Lakes of Canada to be our 
just and reasonable boundaries, soil and trade with the 
Indians being much concerned therein. 

5th. For prevention of runaways and rovers and 
fraudulent debtors coming from one Province to an- 
other for shelter, that it were recommended to all these 



MEETING OF THE ASSEMBLY. 28 1 

governments to make a law with the same restrictions 
and penalties, as if the whole were one government. 

6th. Foreigners coming daily of divers nations, es- 
pecially Dutch, Swedes, and French, it is humbly 
offered that a general law of naturalization pass in 
England that such foreigners that come to inhabit in 
any of the King's Colonies that are by Act of Assem- 
bly declared freeman in the said Province, shall enjoy 
the rights and liberties of English subjects, except 
being masters or commanders of vessels and ships of 
trade. 

7th. That it were generally signified to the respec- 
tive governments for the prevention of vexatious and 
litigious practices, that no appeal for England should 
be admitted under the real value of /, 300. 

8th. That not only charges in apprehending of pi- 
rates but a proportion of the prey may be assigned for 
such as shall take them, for the encouragement of their 
apprehension. 

Like Penn's proposal for a Union of the American 
Colonies in 1696, contains several excellent sugges- 
tions which were greatly needed, particularly the ist, 
2d, 5th, 6th and 8th. As may have been expected 
even for such modest and reasonable requests, I believe 
not one of those last-mentioned heads ever received 
the least encouragement from the home government. 
The most important, like those relating to the Union 
of the Colonies, were left quietly to slumber, but there 
is no doubt that even then they foresaw danger, but 



202 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

which should yet be restrained for three-quarters of a 
century. 

The Governor attended a meeting of the Council in 
Philadelphia on the loth, after which they met with 
the Assembly at New Castle on the 14th and continued 
in daily session there to the end of the month, except- 
ing only on the 20th and 21st. On the i6th Joseph 
Growdon, accompanied by all the Representatives, ap- 
peared before the Governor and Council and acquainted 
them that they had chosen him for their Speaker, from 
which office he now desired to be excused, hoping the 
Governor would order the Assembly to choose a more 
suitable person. The Governor said that what the 
Assembly had now done fully satisfied him. Then 
the Speaker desired that at all times they might have 
access to the Governor's person and that a favorable 
construction be put on their words with freedom from 
arrests ; which the Governor granted and then said : 

" Friends, The calling you at this time was urgent; 
you know we want a Frame of Government and a body 
of Laws, without which society cannot subsist. I 
recommend to you the revisal of the Laws ; which to 
continue, what to repeal, what to alter, what to explain, 
and what new ones to make. Secondly, I recommend 
to you the settling of property, Thirdly, a supply for 
the support of Government ; and I recommend to you 
amity and concord amongst yourselves." This cer- 
tainly may be regarded as a model address or message 
to the Legislature which for brevity probably has 
never been surpassed. 



SELF-SACRIFICE F^OR A CONDEMNED VESSEI.. 283 

In his letter of the previous month, the Governor 
makes some allusion to an unfortunate affair. The 
ship Providence commanded by Captain John Lumley 
arrived in the Province with a cargo without having 
taken out the requisite papers, which according to the 
Admiralty laws forfeited both the vessel and cargo. 
Under the circumstances of the case Penn took com- 
passion on the owners, even to the extent of some 
sacrifice, as may be seen in the following beautiful and 
feeling letter addressed to them, and for whom it will 
be seen he used every effort to intercede. Such a 
transaction as this, happening too before his arrival, 
what infinite credit it does him ! even at a time when 
we know he was greatly distressed for the want of 
mone}% and the colony had refused him any compen- 
sation. 

"New Castle, Pensia, i8th, 8 ber, 1700. 
" Esteemed Friends : Expecting before this Capt. 
Lumley would have received orders from you about 
your ship, and from the employers about the cargo, I 
have hitherto deferred writing, but now finding you 
are both likely to suffer by your neglect, am forced to 
put you in mind of the ruinous condition of your 
interests in them. Through that unhappy slip of 
neglecting the Register, both ship and cargo were 
condemned before my arrival, so that there is no 
remedy here, but that you should take care of the 
Third allotted to me by Law, which when you please 



284 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

to give orders for it, remains at your service, and to 
get the other two-thirds as easy as you can. These I 
have prevailed with the Judge of Admiralty to offer 
the Captain for /"200 this country money, amounting 
to about /"130 sterling, with which I cannot but think 
it will be your interest to comply, if you can find no 
other means to relieve yourselves at home. The third 
of the cargo which upon division was sent me waits 
also for the Merchants orders, for I intend not to be 
concerned with any part of it, but it is already much 
damaged and delay will make it worse. This is all I 
can serve you in here, and if you can do no better for 
yourselves there, I hope you will kindly accept it from 
your loving Friend. 

Wm. Penn." 

On this matter of the ship Providoice he further ex- 
presses himself in a letter without date to Charles 
Lawton, Esq., in England, in which he desires him " to 
take notice of the inhibitions that come from the High 
Court about Capt. Lumley's ship and goods, seized 
here and condemned, and goods appraised and disposed 
of by Col. Quarry the Judge and Moore the Advocate, 
my third remaining in statu quo, denying to accept of 
it, as thinking it a barbarous case, the inclosed states 
it. All I desire is, that I may not suffer by or for that 
which I had rather have suffered than have done or 
been concerned in." 

To Col. Quarry, Judge of the Court of Admiralty 



ABLE REPLY TO COLONEL QUARRY. 285 

in which the vessel was condemned, he addressed from 
New Castle on the i ith of 9th month, quite a lengthy 
letter still further interceding, but it would appear from 
his statement to Lawton that nothing availed and that 
the vessel and goods fell a sacrifice to the unrelenting 
prosecutors, except what his generosity saved and al- 
lotted them. From the Logan correspondence we 
learn that the Queen's share of the cargo (being also 
one-third) amounted to /' 193. 17.061/, Pennsylvania 
currency. 

The Governor returns thanks on the 24th in a letter 
from New Castle to Joseph Cogsgarne for " kind pres- 
ents of fish," and says, " for which I must own myself 
indebted, and am sorry this place affords nothing at 
present to make suitable returns with ; but anything I 
can oblige thee in at this distance, thou mayst assure 
thyself of one ready to befriend thy interests." 

That Penn was of an hospitable turn we see in a 
letter written about this time to Logan, in which he 
says, " Give the two Bristol captains a small collation 
at I. Jones's or Robins' or where thou wilt, as neats 
tongue or the like, and a bottle of wine on my account 
if thou seest fit." His letters frequently mention simi- 
lar instances extended to others, particularly to the 
Indians. 

The Council and Assembly continued in session at 
New Castle from the ist to the 27th of November, ex- 
cepting only on the 3rd, loth, 17th, and 24th which 
were Sundavs. We believe during all this time and 



286 \\\M. PENN IN AMERICA. 

since the 14th of the previous month the Governor 
was in attendance. On the last day he caused Joseph 
Growdon, the Speaker on behalf of the Assembly, to 
sign all the Laws passed or agreed upon, after which 
he ordered the great seal to be affixed to the same. 
He then publicly and in the presence of the Council 
and Assembly declared the same to be the Laws of 
the Province of Pennsylvania and the Territories thereto 
belonging, according to the King's letters patent, 
granted to him under the great seal of England. The 
Assembly was then prorogued to the ist of 2d month 
(April) next, but he said he would not call them 
together till the 8th month came, unless through great 
emergency. 

In regard to this session the author of the Historical 
Review of Pennsylvania (p. 38) observes that "in 
October following, a new Assembly was summoned. 
Not as before to consist of thirty-six Members, but of 
twenty-four ; that is to say, four instead of six in each 
county. The place of meeting was also different : for 
instead of assembling as usual at Philadelphia, the 
Members were convened to New Castle ; perhaps only 
to gratify the inhabitants of the Territories, at a time 
when extraordinary demands were to be made upon 
them for the gratification of the Proprietary-Governor. 
At the opening of this Assembly, the Governor said, 
he had called them upon urgent occasions ; that they 
were in want of a F"rame of Government ; a body of 
Laws ; a settlement of Property ; and a supply for the 



ABLE REPLY TO COLONEL OUARRV. 2 8/ 

support of Government. Adding that he would give 
them all the assistance in his power. With the body 
of Laws they began, and made considerable progress 
in the work ; but the Frame of Government again met 
with as many difficulties as before. The Conditions of 
Union between the Province and the Territories, in 
particular, had like to have produced an immediate 
separation ; and the dispute which arose concerning 
equal privileges or equal voices in the Representatives, 
could be no otherwise compromised than by referring 
the issue to the next General Assembly." At page 6 
remarks that " This Charter of Privileges for the 
Province, being the present Frame of Government 
passed Oct. 28, 1701, being the third. The first 
Frame of Government for the Province was made in 
England, April 25, 1682. The next Frame of Gov- 
ernment (the second) was passed April 2, 1683, making 
three in less than twenty years." It appears by this 
that the P'rame of Government here agreed upon was 
still in force in 1759, when said work was published, 
and so we may justly conclude was retained till the 
Revolution, when it was set aside for a new constitution 
independent of both the Proprietary and Royal govern- 
ments. 

As from what has been stated, it will be observed 
that the proceedings here of the Governor, Council and 
Assembly were unusually important, which deserve 
some further consideration. Isaac Norris, in a letter to 
Daniel Zachary dated 8th of loth month, 1700, thus 



288 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

speaks on the subject : " I am at length got home from 
wearisome New Castle, after near seven weeks' session, 
much teasing, but in short, we brought it to a pretty 
good conclusion. We compiled out of the old, and 
formed some new — in all about ninety laws in a body, 
as far as our capacities and general heads would admit. 
And for a closing stroke gave the Governor two thou- 
sand pounds, at which our malcontents are not well 
pleased, and some, I hear, endeavor to withstand pay- 
ing." 

Among the decided opponents to the Governor's 
measures was Col. Robert Quarry, who, in the sixth 
charge of his " Abstract of Several Informations relat- 
ing to Irregular Proceedings and other undue practices 
in Pennsylvania," states that " Mr. Penn prevailed with 
the Assembly, at one sitting, to make a present to him 
of two thousand pounds per annum and upwards, in 
taxes. The expense of their several sittings whilst he 
was there, amounts to above six hundred pounds." 

This brought out a reply entitled, " Answers to the 
Abstract of Complaints against Proceedings in Penn- 
sylvania by Wm. Penn." To the sixth charge the 
Governor ably answers, that " I acknowledge the two 
thousand pound money (which makes not twelve hun- 
dred pounds English) ; but his one thousand pounds is 
not above seven hundred pounds that money, nor five 
hundred pounds this, and nearly expired. But is that 
such a recompence, when five times the sum is less 
than my due ; having not had for twenty years one 



AliLE REPLY TO COLONEL QUARRY. 289 

farthing, but maintained the deputy Governor at my 
own charges. And yet more than half of what they 
gave me is yet unpaid, and if Colonel Quarry and his 
factious adherents can obstruct it, will never be paid 
me. Whereas had the law of imposts, given me in 
1683, been received, it had been twenty thousand 
pounds and more, money in my way ; and which was 
only by me waived for a few years in our infancy, upon 
promises never performed to me." 

The following letter addressed to his cousin Robert 
Asheton, Sheriff of Philadelphia, is calculated to show 
the liberal and kindly spirit that actuated the benevo- 
lent founder, and does him credit as a Christian. It is 
supposed to allude to the Rev. Dr. Evans of Christ 
Church who arrived about this time, and continued in 
charge till 17 i 8. 

"New Castle, ist, Qber, 1700. 
" R. Asheton. The new minister sent over from Phila- 
delphia, has been with me, and appears a man, sober, 
and of a mild disposition, that may be prevailed with 
to be easy. I must therefore desire thee to use all 
early methods by thyself, and such others of your 
Church as are for peace, and a friendly understanding 
to make impressions on his mind for the best and by 
all seasonable means, endeavor to dispose him to an 
easiness of mind and good inclination to the public, 
and the people in general he is now to live amongst. 

19 



290 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

Assuring him that while he behav^es himself with can- 
dor and ingenuity, he shall want no good will from, 
nor kindness that I can shew him, and that he may 
expect as much favor in all reasonable things, as he 
could from any Governor of his own way. Thy care 
in this I hope I may depend on having assurance of 
thy good inclinations to the peace of the public, and 
that thou art sensible one of the greatest advantages 
to be reaped from religion is a quiet easy mind, which 
as it is inwardly enjoyed, will show itself no less in all 
exterior things. As thou findst occasion a line from 
thee on this head would be acceptable to him that is 
with kind love to thyself and family thy assured 
friend and affectionate kinsman. W. P." 

On the 6th the Governor addressed a letter from 
New Castle to Governor Blackiston, in which he hu- 
morously says, that " By this time Gov^ernor Nicholson 
has at large informed thee of all who surprised me at 
New Castle, when I thought him upon the coasts of 
Virginia. I see one must be upon one's guard with 
soldiers, that understand so well, beating up their 
neighbor's quarters. 

" I am to complain of one Capt. Barford, who has 
exceeded all bounds. He has not only without the 
consent of passengers or stress of weather, altered his 
port, and injured his passengers extremely by it, but 
forced servants bound by indenture to serve here, to 
serve in Maryland, and by such threats of treatment 



ABLE REPLY TO COLONEL QUARRY. 29 1 

as hardly have example. I do in the name of our Gen- 
eral Assembly and laws of our Province, as well as in 
behalf of the said servants, beg of Governor Blackiston 
an examination of this affair, for example sake, and 
that we may have justice against the said Capt. Bar- 
ford, at least as far as relates to the servants, leaving 
the rest to the undertakers at home to consider of" 

Immediately after the adjournment of the Assembly 
at New Castle, Penn returned to Pennsbury, and very 
probably from over exertion and exposure from its 
long sitting of six weeks, became quite unwell. In a 
letter addressed to James Logan near the close of this 
month his wife thus alludes to his condition and of 
some other matters : 

"My husband has been, for some time, especially 
the two days past, much indisposed with a feverish 
cold ; his sweating, last night relieved him, but not so 
as to be capable of going to town without great hazard 
of his health, which has prevailed with him to stay till 
to-morrow, when, if better, he intends not to fail of 
being in town ; wherefore he would have the Council 
to adjourn, from day to day, till they see him. Also, 
would have thee tell Thomas Story to read over the 
laws carefully, and observe their shortness and other 
defects, with memoranda of directions, especially those 
about courts of justice, marriage, law of property, un- 
reasonable al'ienation of fines, &c., and what time thou 
canst spare he would have thee employed on the same 
subject." 



ig2 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 



CHAPTER XXVI. 

THE PROPRIETARY OFFICIALS GIVEN TO LAND SPECU- 
LATIONS. COURTS OF INQUIRY ESTABLISHED. 

PAMPHLETS PRINTED AND CIRCU- 
LATED IN GERMANY TO PRO- 
MOTE EMIGRATION. 

\Di'CC)nber — Fcbruaiy, iyoo.'\ 

From Penn's letter to the Lords of Trade, written 
on the 8th of loth month, 1700, we learn that he had 
proposed but five days stay at New York, but instead 
remained there from the 2 2d of 7th to the 4th of the 
following month, some twelve days, which caused him 
to leave in such haste, on account of the Assembly 
meeting soon after, that he could not bring along with 
him a copy of his "Suggestions respecting the Planta- 
tions," and in consequence left the original with Lord 
Bellomont. However he refers to it at some length, 
and amongst other matters observes, " That a stricter 
method also were recommended to ye respective colo- 
nies about Marriage, it too often falling out that one 
man has two wives and one woman two husbands, in 



LAND SPECULATIONS. 293 

which give me leave without vanity to desire your pe- 
rusal of our law that comes by next opportunity, for 
the great scandal that lies upon the American colonies 
alls for a reformation in this particular with some ex- 
pedition. That a general Post were settled not onh' 
here, which in measure is done, but that there 
were two or three little post vessels by the King ap- 
pointed to bring and carry letters, at those seasons es- 
pecially when greater ships cannot or do not so usually 
come or go, for the benefit of trade and private con- 
veniences as well as more public affairs of the Crown." 
The aforesaid " Suggestions " have been given in the 
previous chapter. 

On the 9th the Governor addressed a letter to Lord 
Bellomont, chiefly on the subject of piracy, and con- 
cludes by saying, " My wife and daughter with myself 
beg the acceptance of our best wishes to Lord and 
Lady Bellomont." On the same day he also addressed 
from Philadelphia a long letter to the Commissioners 
of Customs in London, from which we select the fol- 
lowing extracts : 

" In my last, mentioning the business of M. Birch, 
the Collector of New Castle, and James Menzies, I 
promised to make a full inquiry into that affair, with 
an intention to bring it to a second trial. In pursuance 
of which I omitted nothing that might have the least 
tendency to clear it. But the subject will scarce, I 
doubt de.serve any further words : Birch himself is 
dead, and the two pirates in the boat, who were then 



294 ^'^'M. PENN IN AMERICA. 

out of prison upon bail, taken, are executed, as we hear 
by the last news from New York, and nothing could 
be proved against Menzies the only person of the 
company surviving, otherwise he would have suffered 
smartly for it. 

" The Collector deceasing about six weeks ago, I 
thought myself obliged least the King's affairs should 
suffer, to appoint one in his place till your pleasure 
were known, his name is Joseph Wood, a sober man 
of a good reputation, faithful I believe, and understand- 
ing, he has been sheriff of that county for some con- 
siderable time, and will serve the best of any I could 
find, till you please either to dispose of it otherwise, or 
if you think fit to confirm it. My longer stay at New 
York with Lord Bellomont and Governor Nicholson, 
than was expected, occasioned me to slip the oppor- 
tunity in September last, I designed to send by. Be- 
cause so many complaints have been against us upon 
the account of Trade, I resolved to keep that important 
office in my own hands till I had time to look about 
me and consider of a person fit for the trust. 

" I have only this to request that among other in- 
structions that you may think requisite for our better 
conduct, you would be pleased to give some directions 
about the Curasao Trade. They go from hence with 
provisions only, and pretend to bring back nothing 
but money, but that trade affords so many temptations 
for importing valuable Dutch goods, that I know not 
how to be sufficiently secure in it, considering the 



LAND SPECULATIONS. 295 

length of our river. But your advice if you please 
favour us with it, will clear all." 

Meetings with the Council were held by the Gover- 
nor in Philadelphia on the i8th and 19th, which I 
believe were the only ones held during the month. On 
the 31st he addressed a letter to Gov. Nicholson of 
Virginia in which he states, " I was troubled to hear 
Col. Quarr\''s ill account of thy health after leaving us 
so well and brisk. Thou must excuse my solicitous- 
ness for thy recovery and that I therefore recommend 
an infusion of wormwood, centuary, agrimoney and 
chamomile flowers in good spring water, at least the 
three first. Put them in water hot, and drink it as tea 
and also cold instead of other drink at meals or with- 
out wine, and moderate the bitterness as it may be 
grateful especially at meals. It is a course I am falling 
into for prevention, for it fortifies the stomach and 
sweetens the blood." And adds by way of po.stscript, 
" Pray is poor Jack the Indian got home. I clothed 
him and sent him from New Castle two months and 
more, since as I suppose, and letters by him to thyself 
and Governor Blacki.ston." 

From the first book of Marriage Records in Phila- 
delphia Monthly Meeting, we learn that on the 31st of 
loth month, William Powell, a cooper of Philadelphia 
and son of William, was marrietl to P^lizabeth Kelley, 
of the same place in the meeting liou.se. Among 
those present as witnesses on this occasion we find the 
names of William Powell. Sr., John Powell, William 



296 WM. PENX IN AMERICA. 

Kelley, Thomas Shute, Joseph Estlacke, Ann Powell, 
Hannah Penn and thirty-four others. 

In his correspondence, Penn frequently alludes to 
the dishonesty of some of the officials of his day, and 
of those holding positions under him, so we must not 
conclude that official corruption is altogether of modern 
date. It is known that at least a few who came with 
but little to this country and held positions became 
eventually owners of great tracts of lands, and in some 
cases extensive speculators therein and thus became 
wealthy. The foundations of several prominent fami- 
lies were laid in this manner, and to this class Penn 
gives hints, as we have no evidence of their assisting 
him in his pecuniary distresses, while they aimed at 
self-aggrandizement and making the most out of him. 
We will give first the following extracts from the His- 
tory of New Sweden (Phila. ed. of 1874, pp. 125-7) by 
the Rev. Israel Acrelius : 

"On the 14th of June, i6(S3, Proprietor Penn, under 
his own hand and the seal of the Province, issued an 
order to all the old inhabitants of the Province, who 
had not yet received deeds for their lands, but 
only the Surveyor's certificates to make their surveys, 
according to orders from the Governor of New York, 
to send in these certificates, and take out deeds for the 
same. Also, that those who had deeds from the Duke 
of York should present themselves, and hand in their 
old deeds. The good and simple people, who did not 
know what that meant, generally handed in their cer- 



COURTS OF INQUIRY ESTABLISHED. 29/ 

tificates and deeds. Immediately thereupon Penn di- 
rected his Assembly to enact a law that old home- 
steads or farms should be resurv^eyed, and then large 
lots were found in excess of what the deeds covered, 
as they were not so particular about land in former 
times. 

" Upon the ri\er and creeks there were large tracts 
of swamp-lands which stood under water at flood-tide, 
but were dry at the ebb, and were useful for pasturage 
of cattle, but were not formerly embraced in the deeds. 
Some thousands of acres were, therefore, at this time, 
taken away from those who had hitherto possessed 
them, and sold to others, notwithstanding it was fixed 
by law that seven years of undisputed possession 
should give a clear title. Those who had given in 
their certificates and deeds never received them back 
again, and when they took out new ones were laid 
under three or four fold rents. Those who did not 
pay of their own accord were sued. But those who 
did not gi\'e up their old deeds, both held what they 
had and were exempt from increased rents. Finally 
these complaints burst forth in a petition to the As- 
sembly in the year 1709, with the request that James 
Logan might be empowered to restore to them their 
old deeds, together with the excess of rents which he 
had wrongfully taken." 

While in this country Penn established by his own 
authority in the several counties " Courts of Inquiry," 
selecting for its officers, persons to act under an official 



298 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

sanction for his own particular benefit. This is best 
explained by the following, copied from the original 
commission which he issued for establishing the same 
in Bucks county. To our knowledge we find used 
herein by him for the first time the word " absolute " 
which in the charter granted to the Borough of Ches- 
ter was extended to " true and absolute.'"^ 

" William Fenn, absolute Proprietary and Governor 
in Chief of the Proxnnce of Pennsylvania and Terri- 
tories thereunto belonging. 

"To my trusty and well beloved friends Phineas 
Pemberton, William Biles, and Richard Hough — send- 
eth greeting : — 

" For the complete settling and establishing of Af- 
fairs of Property within the County of Bucks in this 
Province of Pennsylvania. Know ye That I have con- 
stituted and appointed you, and do hereby appoint and 
commission you the said Phineas Pemberton, William 
Biles, and Richard Hough, or any two of you to hold 
a Court of Inquiry, for examining, searching and in- 
quiring into the rights, titles and claims of all and sin- 
gular the Freeholders or Inhabitants of the said County, 
to any Lands, Tenements, Hereditaments within the 
same, at such times and places in the said county as to 
\'ou shall seem most convenient. Hereby granting 
unto you full power and authority by your Order or 
Warrant under the hand of any two of you to summon 
or cause to be summoned all persons concerned to ap- 

* Also see Chapter XXXIII. 



COURTS OF INQUIRY ESTABLISHED. 299 

pear before you in the said Court, as you shall ap- 
point ; to produce all Grants, Letters Patent, Convey- 
ances, Records, and all other Papers and Writings as 
you shall see cause, that in any wise relate to Their 
Titles or Claims as aforesaid. Also to commend and 
require all needful Officers, especially the Constables 
of the said County, to attend to your service, as there 
shall be occasion, who are hereby required and com- 
manded to obey all your Orders respectively herein. 
I do also hereby further empower you the said Phineas 
Pemberton, William Biles, and Richard Hough, or any 
two of you, fully to inquire into the State of my Quit- 
rents in the said County and diligently to examine 
what part of the said Rents have been paid, and to 
whom, and what remaineth behind unpaid, and to take 
and keep an exact account thereof Also carefully to 
inquire into all Plscheats, Fines and P'orfeitures, that 
are fallen to me or become my due in said county. 
And of all your Proceedings in pursuance of this 
Commission make a due and faithful Report to me 
fairly in writing under your hands to the end that the 
State of Property in the said County being particularly 
known, the respectix'e Inhabitants and Freeholders may 
be the more effectually settled and confirmed in all their 
just titles and claims to lands therein. Given under 
my Hand and the great Seal of the Province, at Phila- 
delphia, the Eighteenth of the Tenth Month, 1700. 

Wm. Penn." 



300 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

As might have been expected the exercising of such 
authority so Hable to gross abuse caused some excite- 
ment. A petition was gotten up in consequence by 
some of the inhabitants of Philadelphia, and addressed 
to the Assembly the following September, from which 
we take several extracts: 

" The following particulars are humbly tendered to 
your serious consideration, and that they may have 
due weight with you is the earnest desires of us the 
subscribers, in behalf of ourselves and other the in- 
habitants of this Government. 

" 2ndly. That before the Proprietor go for England, 
he grant us such an Instrument as may absolutely 
secure us in our Estates and Properties from himself, 
his heirs and assigns forever, or any claiming from 
under him, or any of them, as also to clear all Indian 
Purchases. 

" I Ithl\^ That whereas the Proprietor hath been 
prevailed on to erect a Court, called by some a Court 
of Inquiry, before which divers of the inhabitants 
were summoned, and ordered to appear to show the 
Titles of their Lands contrary to their rights and privi- 
liges as Freeborn English subjects, and not warranted 
by any Law, Custom or Usage of this Province, as we 
know of, you would be pleased to represent the same 
as a great Aggrievance, and endeavor, that no such 
thing be allowed for the future. 

" Also that such Person or Persons as advised him 
to erect the said Court receive such reprehension or 



COURTS OF INQUIRY ESTABLISHED. 3OI 

other prosecution for such their ill advice, as you 
shall think fit. And further that you would please make 
enquiry by what Authority persons have been sent for 
by warrants and mandates, signed and alleged by the 
Governor's order, to his great dishonor and the in- 
fringement of the Subject's Liberty, and that any 
officers signing such Warrants or Mandates, may be 
examined and receive such reproof for the same, as 
may deter him or them from such practices for the 
future." 

This petition was dated "Philadelphia, ye 17th of 
7th mo., 1 70 1," nearly seven weeks before the Pro- 
prietary's departure, and signed by sixty-nine persons. 
Among these may be mentioned Griffith Jones, 
Thomas Paschall, Joshua Carpenter, Francis Rawle, 
John Kensy, William Hudson, Thomas Wharton, 
William Powell, Charles Read, William Coleman, 
Joseph Wilcox, Benjamin Wright, Nehemiah Allen, 
Thomas Masters and Thomas Coates. None of said 
signers, we believe, ever held any positions under the 
Proprietary government and could therefore be free in 
the expression of their sentiments. It may be seen in 
full at pp. 275-7 o( vol. VI. (for 1853) of the Collec- 
tions of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 

A committee of the Assembly the following day 
agreed that the 2d article was " needful to be obtained," 
and the iith"belaid before the General Assembly, 
in order to have such persons sent for as shall be 
supposed delinquents therein." It was also further 



302 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

agreed that the said petition " be fairly drawn over and 
presented to the Proprietor for his perusal and con- 
sideration, to the several particulars therein men- 
tioned." This result was quite unexpected to Penn if 
we are to judge by the letter from Isaac Norris to 
Daniel Zachary on the 3d of 8th month following, 
wherein he says, " Our Governor highly resents an 
address made to the Assembly and from them recom- 
mended to him." I have been unable to ascertain 
anything further about this " Court," which the Pro- 
prietary from its unpopularity may have shortly after 
let drop, or was compelled to abandon for the want of 
creditable officers willing to serve thereon. 

In regard to the land speculators of this day, it 
appears for instance by the records that immediately 
after the Proprietary had left the Province, some of his 
officials took up in great tracts some of the best lands 
in the central parts of Bucks county, and retailing 
them to actual settlers, I mean between the years 1701 
and 1718, and of which no evidence exists of the 
Indian title having been previously extinguished, and 
which is confirmed by subsequent purchases from 
them.* Again there was another great trouble about 
the surveys. From the beginning the Surveyors with 
their deputies held their positions direct from the 
Proprietary, and after several years settlement and con- 
siderable lands had been sold the Governor ordered his 
officials to make resurveys, and where the quantity 

* See History of the Indian Walk, Chapters II. and III. 



COURTS OF IxN'OUIRV ESTABLISHED. 3O3 

proved to be over that mentioned in the grant to be 
his. There was no alternative with the purchasers or 
holders than to go by his surveyors, whether the 
amount was more or less than was called for, and if in 
consequence unfairness was practiced in the measure- 
ment was not their faults. We will take for instance 
the manor of Moreland, surveyed to Nicholas More, 
in 1684, for 9,815 acres. After his death the Pro- 
prietary's Commissioners of Property, by a warrant 
dated the loth of 5th month, 1689, directed Thomas 
Fairman to make a resurvey of the same. He re- 
ported an overplus of five hundred acres, which was 
laid off on its upper part, and was afterwards purchased 
from the Proprietary in two tracts, one of two hundred 
and fifty acres by said Fairman, and the other by Anna 
Salters. The records of this time prove numerous 
similar instances. 

We can find nothing of interest whatever relating to 
Penn that transpired during I ith month or January. 
Perhaps like nature, now taking a rest after long and 
continuous exertions for the general good. William 
Penn, Jr., under date of " Worminghurst, Feb. iith, 
1700,'' addressed a letter " For James Logan, Secretary 
to His Excellenc)- in Philadelphia," in which he men- 
tions that "I am now to tell thee that yesterday, at 
half past eight in the morning, to a minute, my wife 
was brought to bed of a brave boy." This was his 
eldest son Springett, who died at London in 1767. 

Meetings of the Council were held in Philadelphia, 



304 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

on the 14th, 15th and i8th, at all of which the 
Governor was present. On the 15 th representation 
was made that the law against strangers travelling 
without passes and obliging the innkeepers to give 
notice to some magistrate of such coming to lodge at 
their houses has been much neglected, and seldom put 
in practice. It was in consequence ordered that a 
proclamation be issued requiring all persons to observe 
said laws, and have them more effectually put in 
execution. 

During this year (1700) several pamphlets were 
published in the German language by Andrew Otto, 
bookseller at Frankfort and Leipzig, to encourage 
emigration to Pennsylvania. One was called " Cur- 
iesuse Nachricht von Pensylvania in Norden America," 
by Daniel Falkner, who styles himself " Professor, 
Citizen and Pilgrim there." It contains 58 octavo 
pages, and in it he states that he had arrived here in 
1700, and settled at Germantown, where he was made 
a Bailiff He was one of the agents or attorneys for 
the Frankfort Land Company. Falkner's Swamp in 
the upper part of the present Montgomery county was 
called after him. Francis Daniel Pastorius' Description 
of Pennsylvania, of 120 pages, also appeared at this 
time of which we have spoken in Chapter XI. Penn's 
Description written in 1683 appeared in 14 pages, and 
Thomas Paschall's in 3 pages. Gabriel Thomas' 
Account of the Province appeared in 1702 in 40 pages, 
with a map which strange to say gives the Schuylkill 



PAMPHLETS TO PROMOTE EMIGRATION. 3O5 

river on it prett)' correctly for fifty miles from its 
mouth, also the Neshaminy, Perkiomen and Manatawny 
creeks with all their principal branches. Pennsbury 
is marked on it also Newtown, and Bridlington for Bur- 
lington, but not Bristol. Of course the last three 
pamphlets had been translated for the purpose. 

Under the auspices of the Land Company there these 
five works were extensively circulated, and no doubt 
done much afterwards to encourage emigration hither. 
An antiquarian friend,* several years ago, secured 
copies of all the aforesaid while traveling in Germany, 
to which he has kindly let the author have access and 
make translations. It is probable that collectively 
these have never been noticed before in any work 
relating either to Penn or his colony. Thus the ma- 
terials for history are brought together more and 
more, additions made, and obscure matters solved. 

* The late Joseph J. Mickley, of Philadelphia. 



20 



306 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

A BEAUTIFLfL LETTER SENT TO THE COUNTESS OF BELLO- 
MONT, ON THE DEATH OF HER HUSBAND. AD- 
DITIONAL TREATY WITH THE SUSQUEHANNA 

INDIANS. A SECOND CHARGE 

OF WITCHCRAFT. 

\_Ma!r/i-May, ijoi.] 

We have now arrived, according to old .style, to the 
first month of the year, 1701. Judging by hi.s corres- 
pondence and Otherwise, we are inclined to believe 
that Penn, with his family, spent the winter, or the 
severe season, in Philadelphia, which appears to have 
been his practice. Several circumstances would direct 
to this : the roads at times being impassable from 
snows and thaws, and the river from ice and storms. 
A meeting of Council was held in town by the Gov- 
ernor on the 5th, and probably the only one during the 
month. 

Isaac Norris, an eminent merchant of Philadelphia 
and an intimate acquaintance of the Proprietary's, in a 
letter to his friend Jeffry Pennell, dated the 6th of this 
month, P"ives the following interestincr account of the 



LETTER SENT TO COUNTESS OF BELLOMONT. 307 

family : " The Governor, wife, and daughter well. 
Their little son is a comely, lovely babe, and has much 
of his father's grace and air, and hope he will not want 
a good portion of his mother's sweetness, who is a 
woman extremely well beloved here, exemplary in her 
station, and of an excellent spirit, which adds lustre to 
her character, and has a great place in the hearts of 
good people. The Governor is our Pater Patrke, and 
his worth is no new thing to us ; we value him highly, 
and hope his life will be preserved till all things now 
on the wheel are settled here to his peace and com- 
fort, and the people's ease and quiet." John Penn, the 
lovely babe he alludes to, was born here on the 28th 
of I ith month, 1699, and was now a little over 
thirteen months old and was the first child of the 
present wife. 

Notice was sent by the Council of New York of the 
death there of the Governor, Lord Bellomont, on the 
5th instant, who had been for some time seriously in- 
disposed. The Proprietary addressed a brief reply to 
them by post from Philadelphia on the 17th in which 
he says: 

" Hon'd Friends. I heartily condole your loss ; it is 
mine as well as yours, and the King's too. May that 
place be happy in a successor; you have lost a Gov- 
ernor but I a friend and an honorable and friendly 
neighbor. You are sure of all the good offices in my 
power, that may preserve and increase a good under- 
standiufT between the Colonies for the service of the 



308 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

Crown and our own common benefit. I take your 
notice with sorrow and respect. Your affectionate and 
faithful friend." 

At the same time he did not forget the Countess in 
this her affliction, at whose house he had been five 
months previously a visitor and hospitably entertained. 
The following beautiful and feeling letter was addressed 
to her and we believe has never before been published: 

" Countess of Bellomont. 

"Noble Friend. — My grief exceeds my surprise 
and as I condole so great a loss to the Lady Bello- 
mont, I must not leave myself out of that measure 
and share by the real honor and affection I had for 
him my noble Friend. I pray God soften this other- 
wise hard stroke to his family great losers, not other- 
wise to be repaired, and resignation is the only way to 
it. A friend as well as a husband or a wife is a double 
enjoyment which renders the loss double also; but we 
are born to die and death is the way to the longest as 
well as the best life. He has had many fits that have 
alarmed thee for this great change, so that the latter 
part of his life has been a preparative for your parting. 
The way to have so great a disappointment sanctioned 
to our comfort, is by this sorrowful occasion to learn 
how to wean our affections from those things that are 
wont to move us most with pleasure and satisfaction in 
this world. I wish my noble Friend, anything in my 
power could serve thee, I would religiously employ it, 
for the wife and friend of the Earl of Bellomont shall 



LETTER SENT TO COUNTESS OF BELLOMONT. 3O9 

always claim the right of survivorship in the esteem 
and service of her dear Lord's and her most faithful 
friend 

Wm. Penn. 

" Mine sends with me our salutes in true mourning." 

(4.) 

From the many kind letters that had passed between 
the parties with the friendly relations that existed, we 
think it proper to give here some further account: 
Richard, Earl of Bellomont, was born in the county of 
Sligo, Ireland, in 1636, and became there the second 
Baron of Colvony. Through his opposition to James 
II., he secured the favor of William and Mary who, 
November 2d, 1689, advanced him to the dignity of 
Earl of Bellomont. In 1660, he married Catharine, 
the daughter and heiress of John Nanfan, Esq., of 
Birch Morton, in the county of Worcester, with whom 
he had two sons, who successively inherited the title, 
He was buried with considerable honors in the chapel 
of the fort at the Battery. Soon after his decease the 
Countess returned to Ireland, where she died at the 
family seat in 1728, aged 90 years. Lieut. Governor 
Nanfan who succeeded him was probably her brother. 

Penn addressed a letter from Philadelphia on the 
31st to General Codrington, but possesses no particular 
interest. We cannot clearly make out from the corres- 
pondence who the General was, but infer that he was 
at this time Governor of Barbadoes. 

John Hans, an Indian trader, was in the practice of 



3IO WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

introducing rum among them, who it appears had 
promised to desist and call and see the Governor on 
the subject, but instead of doing this sent an agent to 
Philadelphia to procure supplies for the said traffic. 
On ascertaining this the Governor on the 1 2th of 2d 
month (April) sent him the following note : 

" John Hans. Thou hast often promised to visit 
this place in order to treat with me about thy Indian 
trade, but hast as often disappointed me. Thy present 
management thereof amongst us is directly contrary to 
our Laws. I have therefore stopt thy goods intended 
for Lechay, till according to thy frequent engagements 
thou comst hither thyself and give further satisfaction 
than thou hast yet done to thy friend." 

A serious disturbance likely through said cause 
having taken place about this time on the Lehigh 
river, Edward Farmer of Whitemarsh, interpreter, and 
John Sotcher of Pennsbury were sent up there in the 
following month to ascertain the intentions of the 
Indians in that vicinity. The above is the earliest 
mention of said river known to us, and the Germans 
to this day in their language in that section call it 
Lechay, which appears to be the proper Indian name. 
No doubt Hans conveyed his goods there by water, 
taking advantage of the spring freshets which would 
permit boats of si.xteen tons and more to ascend to 
the forks. 

A meeting of Council was held in Philadelphia on 
the 23d, at which was present the Governor, several 



TREATY WITH SUSQUEHANNA INDIANS. 3II 

Members of the board, and divers others. On this 
occasion some forty Susquehanna Indians were intro- 
duced. Amongst those was Connodaghtah, chief of 
the Conestogoes, Wopathha, alias Opessah chief of the 
Shawanese, Weewhinjough, chief of the Ganawese, in- 
habiting the head of the Potomac ; also Ahoakassough, 
brother of the Emperor or great King of the Ononda- 
(3es of the Five Nations, with Indian Harry as inter- 
preter, besides several women and children. Speeches 
were made and a Treaty agreed upon, by which the 
Governor promised for himself, his heirs and successors 
that he and they should at all times act towards each 
other as true friends and brothers to each and all of 
those present, by assisting them with the best of ad- 
vice and council, and in all just and reasonable things 
to befriend them, they behaving themselves and sub- 
mitting to the Laws of this Province in all matters the 
same as the English and other Christians therein do. 
To which the said Indians faithfully agreed to abide 
both for themselves and their posterity forever. The 
proceedings of this treaty may be seen at length in the 
Pennsylvania Archives, vol. I., pp. 145-/. A meeting 
of the Council was also held on the 25th when they 
adjourned. 

In consequence of the encroachments of the Deputy 
Sheriff of Somerset county into Sussex, and forcing 
some of the citizens there to yield due obedience to 
the authorities of Maryland, induced the Governor to 
proceed down there and learn the facts of the case, and 



312 \VM. PENN IX AMERICA. 

receive the testimonies of creditable witnesses on the 
subject. From Lewis he addressed a letter on the 6th 
of 3d month to " Col. Jenkens and Lieut. Col. Whiting- 
ton, or either of them," who were residents of Somer- 
set, and no doubt concerned in the affair. 

" Gaining the first time," he says therein, " since my 
arrival into these parts to visit the people, know and 
redress their grievances as well as to look into the con- 
dition of my own interest, I find a part of my quiet pos- 
session disturbed by the subsheriff of Somerset county 
and part of the inhabitants claiming under me con- 
strained from their obedience and fidelity to me in my 
double capacity, though no line be run or any warrant 
from our superiors at home to justify such an attempt. 
I shall not enumerate particulars that greatly aggravate 
the fault of the subsheriff, but in short say the place is 
mine unless running the line deprive me being within 
the bounds of the Dutch settlement and therefore first 
under York and long after under my government with- 
out his legislation. I therefore desire you as gentle- 
men that I hope wish me peace would seek peace and 
preserve it, to giv^e no disturbance to the inhabitants of 
Cedar creek nor any this side Cape Henlopen. I was 
first in possession and on my part I shall take all im- 
aginable care that no officer of mine shall encroach 
either in property or power upon your possession, 
whether the line may hereafter favour me or not. I 
wish you all happiness and am your cordial and affec- 
tionate friend." 



TREATN WITH SUSQUEHANNA INIMANS. 3I3 

Respecting this affair he wrote also to Col. Blackis- 
ton, the Governor of Maryland, from Philadelphia the 
23d. " In my journey," he says, "in Sussex county 
some weeks past I found three or four of my tenants 
and inhabitants _of this Government had been forced 
off by some in authority in Somerset county, Maryland, 
as the affidavits which accompany this express show 
and in a manner too that was an aggravation of the 
breach of good neighborhood and no line run or order 
from him to back it till the line was run, all was to 
stand in statu quo. I am sure none of my officers 
ever attempted the least encroachment in that County 
or at the head of the Bay." 

This long and troublesome affair, concerning which 
Ellis in his Life of Penn, justly remarks that "Though 
these boundaries appear to be given with definiteness 
and precision, a controversy notwithstanding, arose at 
once between Penn and Lord Baltimore, which out- 
lasted the lives of both of them, and, being continued 
by their representatives, was not in fact closed until the 
Revolutionary war." 

Troubles at this time were apprehended from the 
Iroquois or Five Nations, residing in the central and 
northern parts of New York adjoining the Great 
Lakes, and of their being influenced by the French in 
Canada. On this subject Penn addressed a letter to 
the Council of New York on the 17th of 3d month, 
1 70 1, in which he gives expression to the following 
sentiments : 



314 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

" Some of our Indians on Delaware and Susque- 
hanna are apprehensive of ill designs against them 
from some of the Five Nations, who have always been 
in alliance with the government of New York, and 
entered last fall into a more solemn league with the 
deceased Lord Bellomont than ever. There is great 
reason at this junction to support the attempts of the 
French to debautch those warlike Nations from their 
fidelity to the Crown of England, and therefore will 
require the greater care to eye them. I have sent 
messengers to inquire fully into the occasion of this 
and on their return shall inform you further. 

" It is now to be wished we could oblige all the 
Indians that live amongst or in amity with us, to sub- 
mit their differences to the respective Governments they 
live under, that by their authority they might be ended 
and not by military attempts of their own. It is what 
I have inculcated and hope not without success among 
those under my Government. While it is otherwise it 
is to be feared they will be made use of by our Ene- 
mies in fomenting animosities amongst them, till I 
know further I shall hope for the best." 

Meetings of the Council were held by the Governor 
in Philadelphia on the 19th and 3 ist of this month. 
At the former meeting a petition was read from Robert 
Guard and his wife, stating that a certain strange woman 
had lately arrived in this town, who was taken with a 
very sudden illness in their presence on the 17th in- 
stant, and several pins taken out of her breast. John 



SECOND CHARGE OF WITCHCRAFT. 3 I 5 

Richards, a butcher, and his wife Ann charged the 
petitioners with witchcraft, and as being the authors of 
the mischief, and therefore they desire their accusers 
may be sent for in order either to prove the charge or 
that they niight be acquitted, they in consequence suffer- 
ing much in their reputation, and through that means 
also in their trade. The said John and Ann Richards 
being sent for and appearing, the matter was inquired 
into, and being found trifling was dismissed. This was 
the second charge or trial for witchcraft brought before 
Penn and his Council. The first was tried the 27th of 
1 2th month, 1683, in which Swedes were chiefly con- 
cerned; an account of which is given in Chapter XIII. 
In the present case the parties appear to be all of Eng- 
lish extraction. From the complaint of having 
suffered by it in reputation and trade would denote a 
pretty widespread belief in it, much more so than one 
would have otherwise supposed. Such incidents are 
calculated to show the frailties of poor human nature 
with the changes to which they are occasionally sub- 
ject. 

Witchcraft was made a crime in England in the 
reign of Elizabeth in 1562, and the laws against it 
were not formally repealed until 1736. However, it 
may not be generally known that the law of Penn- 
sylvania actually recognized its exi.stence. In con- 
fimation we take the following extract from an " Act 
for the Advancement of Justice," passed May 31, 
17 18: "And be it further enacted by the authority 



3l6 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

aforesaid, that another Statute, made in the first year 
of the Reign of King James the First, Chapter 12, in- 
stituted An Act against Conjuration, Witchcraft and 
deahng with evil and wicked spirits, shall be duly put 
in Execution in this Province, and of like Force and 
Effect as if the same were here repeated and enacted." 



PENN'S journey to the SUSQUEHANNA. 317 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 

PENN's journey to the SUSQUEHANNA. VISITS 

MARYLAND, MERION AND GWYNEDD. 

RETIRES TO PENNSBURY. 

\^Jitnc, i7oi7\ 

During 4th month or June, in relation to Penn 
several important occurrences transpired of which we 
regret to have so few particulars. This was his favorite 
month for travel or journeys into the interior, the 
weather then being mild, and the roads good without 
the intense heats and draughts, besides the annoyances 
from insects that prevail later in the summer. Meet- 
ings with the Council were held in Philadelphia on the 
2d and after that not till the 26th and 27th. 

Affairs with France at this time looked troublesome, 
but war was not declared by England with that power 
till nearly a year afterwards. Still alarms were occa- 
sionally created on the subject as well as about the 
Pirates. The Governor in a letter dated the 4th of 4th 
month to Governor Nanfan, remarks, " I herewith send 
a Proclamation, I hope it pleases though the old one 
that accompanies it is very particular on these heads. 



3l8 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

Our alarm about a foreign ship in our Bay though 
banished, has given us some trouble, or I had been 
larger on the King's letter which upon my return from 
Maryland I purpose to do, having communicated it to 
whom it concerns, but we are so poor, that there is not 
one sous or penny in purse above daily expenses." 

Soon after, the Governor must have set out on a 
journey into the interior of the Province. Isaac Norris 
in a letter dated Philadelphia, 21st of 4th month, 1701, 
to Daniel Zachary thus alludes to it : "I am just came 
home from Susquehanna, where I have been to meet 
the Governor; we had a roundabout journey, having 
pretty well traversed the wilderness. We lived nobly 
at the King's palace in Conestogoa, and from thence 
crossed it to Scoolkill, where we fell in about thirty 
miles up from hence." 

It was on this occasion, as tradition states, that Penn 
got lost among the woods on the hill on the northern 
or Chester county side, near the present Valley Forge, 
and that he did not know where he was till he got on 
the hill this side of Valley Creek, when by a glimpse of 
the Schuylkill and the country to the southward he re- 
gained his way, and in consequence, named the former 
hill Mount Misery, and the latter Mount Joy, which 
names they respectively bear to this day. 

Besides seeing more of the country at this lovely 
time of the year, it is probable that the Proprietary's 
principal object was to win over the Indians more to 
the English interests, on account of the approaching 



PENN S JOURNEY TO THE SUSOUEHANNA. 3I9 

trouble with the French. It is likely that he alludes 
to this in his letter to the Board of Trade and Planta- 
tions, dated from Pennsbury on the 2d of the following 
(5th) month. " I have had," he says, " divers meetings 
with the several Nations of Indians of these parts as 
the Shaweno, Susquehanna, Schuylkill and Delaware 
Indians, by arguments and many presents to persuade 
their submission to the Government, and not to war 
one with another and other Indians under Govern- 
ments that are under the Crown of England, but rather 
that they would refer their differences to the respective 
Governments they live under. At last they have 
agreed to war no more upon Indians in the neigh- 
boring Governments nor any where else under the 
Crown of P^ngland, but to refer to me and the Govern- 
ment of those Indians with whom they may have 
differences the decision and issue of any such differ- 
ences, of which I have written to the Commander-in- 
chief of New York, who answers me he will endeavor 
it in his present conference with the Five Nations at 
Albany." 

This journey of Penn's to the Susquehanna we ob- 
serve has led to some error. Janney mentions it (2d 
ed. p. 435) as having taken place in the spring. An 
article appeared in the Lancaster Inquirer of Feb. 24, 
1 872, in which mention is made of a monument hav- 
ing been erected and dedicated the previous 22d at the 
Gap in Salisbury township, said county, on the roof of 
a frame building over a fine spring of water, " where it 



320 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

is said Penn met the Indians and held a Council with 
them." It is composed of a square wooden shaft 
neatly painted and lettered. On the west side is en- 
scribed, " In memory of William Penn who visited this 
place in the year 1700." Mention is made that it was 
chiefly erected " through the exertions of Isaac Walker 
owner of said spring and building, who was led to it 
by his researches on the subject." It is probable that 
Penn may have met the Indians in council there, but 
this visit must have been made in June, 1701. The 
mistake consists in setting the time to one of the deeds 
from the Indians for lands which were nearly always, 
executed in Philadelphia. 

It must also hav^e been about this time that the Gov- 
ernor made his visit to Maryland, which he contem- 
plated in his letter of the 4th instant. John Richard- 
son, a Friend from England, who arrived in the Patux- 
ent, Maryland, the 6th of ist month, 1701, and re- 
mained in this country till the 6th of 9th month of the 
following year. In the account of his lile (Friends 
Library, vol. VI., p. 99), we can find the only additional 
information respecting this journey, and which is quite 
interesting, only regretting that he gave so little atten- 
tion to dates. 

" I had many comfortable meetings," he says, " in 
my travels through these provinces, and good service. 
We were at a Yearly Meeting at Tredhaven in Mary- 
land, upon the Eastern shore, to which meeting for 
worship came William Penn, Lord Baltimore and his 



VISITS MARYLAND, MERION AND (iWYNEDD. 32 I 

lady, with their retinue, but it was late when they came, 
and the strength and glory of the heavenly power of 
the Lord was going off from the meeting. The lady 
was much disappointed, as I understood by William 
Penn, for she told him she did not want to hear 
him, and such as he, for he was a scholar and a 
wise man, and she did not question but he could preach ; 
but she wanted to hear some of our mechanics preach, 
as husbandmen, shoemakers, and such like rustics ; for 
she thought they could not preach to any purpose. 
William Penn told her, some of these were rather the 
best preachers we had amongst us; or nearly these 
words. I was a little in their company, and I thought 
the lady to be a notable wife, and withal a courteously 
carriaged woman." 

Robert Sutcliff states in his travels (p. io8), that on 
the loth of loth month, 1805, he went to Radnor 
Monthly Meeting and from thence to Owen Jones's, 
Jr., where he spent the evening, and who was one of 
the Friends " who suffered banishment on account of 
their supposed attachment to the British, during the 
Revolution. His sister told me that on William Penn's 
arrival in America, he lodged at her great grandfather's 
at Merion. At that time her grandfather was a boy 
of about twelve years old; and being a lad of some 
curiosity, and not often seeing such a guest as Wm_ 
Penn, he privately crept to the chamber door, up a 
flight of steps, on the outside of the building, which 

21 



322 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

was only a log-house. On peeping through the latchet- 
hole, he was struck with awe, in beholding this great 
man upon his knees, by the bed-side; and could dis- 
tinctly hear him in prayer and thanksgiving, that he 
was thus provided for in the wilderness. This circum- 
stance made an impression upon the lad's mind, which 
was not effaced in old age." 

The Friends in Gwynedd having become sufficiently 
numerous in 1700, erected a small log building for 
worship in the centre of the township, and at the site 
of the present meeting-house. There is a tradition 
that the Proprietary, accompanied by his daughter Le- 
titia and a servant, came out on horseback to visit the 
settlement not long after its erection, and that he 
preached in it. Staying on this occasion over night 
at the house of his friend Thomas Evans, the first set- 
tler, who resided near by. As he returned to England 
in the beginning of November it may be that this ex- 
cursion occurred about this pleasant time. The dis- 
tance from Philadelphia being about nineteen miles. 

After his several journeys and the warm weather 
now coming on, we find him retired again to his beloved 
home and country seat, where we know that he chiefly 
remained for the following three months. Under date 
of Pennsbury 30th of 4th month, 1701, the Governor 
writes to his Secretary, Logan, in Philadelphia, " I 
forgot a material point — the last Indian instru- 
ment from the Conestogo Indians — which I must have, 
or a copy, before I can answer Col. Blackiston's letter; 



RETURNS TO PENNSBURV. 323 

a false story firing two or three of their fooHsh people 
of our inviting the Piscataways from Maryland, instead 
of their seeking us : but Governor Blackiston would 
not believe it. Fail not, therefore, to send it to Sam- 
uel Jennings for me with speed, who will be with me; 
or send it by Governor Hamilton, who dines with me 
on Fourth-day. Also thy sentiments by Judge Guest 
who comes up to-morrow to Burlington, in order to be 
here with Gov. Hamilton, by whom thou mayest send 
the deed directly. Get us a third of a good pipe 
of Madeira for our own use. We are through Mercy 
well." 

His wife at the same time adds by way of postscript, 
" Send up the parlor bell, three or four stock locks, 
three or four pounds of nails, from four to ten penny." 
We see by this that the Governor was friendly and 
hospitably inclined, and that he had frequently dis- 
tinguished guests at his house, whom he desired to 
entertain as became his station. 



324 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

PENN'S advice sought in treating with the INDIANS. 

attends falls MEETING. HAS A 

LONG ACCOUNT PENDING WITH 
THOMAS FAIRMAN. 

U"iy< 1701^ 

As the Governor remained so closely at Pennsbury 
during the months of July, August and September 
that we shall omit the mention of his place of resi- 
dence during this time only when absent, and which as 
we shall find by his correspondence or otherwise was 
but seldom. 

On the 2d of 5th month, 1 701, he addressed a letter 
to Gov. Nanfan, of New York, respecting the best 
means to preserve peace with the Indians, and how to 
secure their influence from the designs of the French. 
It would appear from the success he had already 
acquired in his own Province on this matter, his 
opinions were sought not only by the respective Gov- 
ernments here, but at home, and from the profound 
attention paid to his views it is very probable that he 
exerted a much greater influence than has been sup- 
posed, as his correspondence on this subject alone is 



ADVICE SOUGHT IN TREATING THE INDIANS. 325 

pretty extensive, of which very httle has heretofore 
been pubhshed. 

" Had I known it earlier," he writes to Nanfan, " of 
thy journey to Albany I should have prayed leave to 
have made one of thy retenue. It is of great import- 
ance that the Five Nations and all other Indians in the 
dominion of the crown of England were one people 
and depended on each respective Government they 
were under, than that they were a confederacy of them- 
selves for that might teach them to be more formidable 
to us than they are to the common enemy. I must 
take the freedom to press this thought for the King's 
service at this juncture, for I am not more of a better 
opinion and I find the Sachemas of our Indians (that 
I am told make at least one thousand fighting men) 
take it well and resolve to quiet their war with the 
Carolina Indians and refer themselves to me upon all 
differences with the Indians in the Government under 
the Crown of England. 

" Pardon this repetition I am contented to leave the 
honour of it to thy negotiation with the Five Nations 
and hope to hear a good effect thereof at thy return. 
I have been very large to the several Nations that live 
within this Government by presents and entertain- 
ments, and hope that if the Indians be set or rather 
kept so we shall be all safe on that hand. I also offer 
to thy consideration, if it is not fit to be an article of 
agreement, that all former agreements and gifts and 
grants of lands made by them should be ratified and 



326 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

continued, and that all the subjects of the Crown of 
England may freely and securely plant in any of their 
territories, so as to have the allowance of the Govern- 
ment under which they live so to do. I must beg thy 
excuse if I look busy I take this to be the time to 
fasten such points as well as that of being friends at 
large." 

On the 9th of this (5th) month John Routledge, 
yeoman of Falls township, Bucks county, was married 
to Margaret Dalton of said neighborhood. They 
" appeared in a publick and solemn assembly of ye afore- 
said people met together for yt end and purpose at 
their usuall meeting house in ye Falls township 
aforesd." The following were present and signed their 
names as witnesses to the certificate : William Penn, 
Hannah Penn, Edward Shippen, Thos. Chalkley, 
Thos. Story, Wm. Biles, Jno. Richardson, Phineas 
Pemberton, Thos. Bartlett, Richd. Hough, Wm. Beaks, 
Saml. Burges, Nichos. Fairlame, Stephen Willson,Saml. 
Goldy, Wm. Fishbourne, Wm. Routledge, Jane Biles, 
Elizth. Brock, Esther Yardley, Ann Eliot, Sarah 
Sirket, Phebe Baker, Margery Hough, Rachel Bun- 
ting, Mary Hough, Mary Wildman, Sarah Clements 
and Rebeckah Shippen. Edward Shippen, Rebeckah 
Shippen, Thomas Story, and Wm. Fishbourne were 
from Philadelphia, and probably with Thomas Chalkley 
and John Richardson at this time visitors at Penns- 
bury, and in attending worship here thus happened to 
be present. 



ATTENDS FALLS MEETING. 327 

Respecting this affair, John Richardson in his Life 
remarks, " I was at WiHiani Penn's country house 
called Pennsburx', in Pennsylvania, where I staid two 
or three days, on one of those days I was at a meeting 
and a marriage." Concerning John Routledge we find 
a few additional particulars in the records of Falls and 
of Middletown Monthly Meetings. Thomas, his eldest 
son, was born in 1702, Rachel in 1703, Elizabeth in 
1705, Sarah in 171 3, and Isabel in 17 17. In this 
latter year he removed to Middletown township where 
he died the 23d of 5th month, 1725, and was buried in 
Friends' burying ground there, now within the limits 
of the present borough of Langhorne. He was a 
minister amongst Friends. 

The Governor attended a meeting of the Council in 
Philadelphia, on the 14th, on which occasion it was 
" Ordered that a Proclamation immediately issue for 
calling the members of the present General Assembly 
to meet at Philadelphia, the first day of August next, 
to inspect into several affairs of moment, etc. Ad- 
journed till the 23d instant, at 9 in the morning." 
Owing to ill health and an increased pain in his leg, 
was not able to be in town till the 26th, when another 
meeting of the Council was held. 

On the 14th he wrote to Logan, "I have wanted 
thee for a proclamation for the sitting of the Assembly, 
at the time to consider of the King's letters, as well as 
div^ers other things of moment — N. Puckle going so 
soon, with whom I would have sent something, — 



328 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

tobacco, twenty hogsheads or forty, if I could have 
called out so many good ones of bright tobacco. In 
short, pray despatch and be here by this day or to- 
morrow week. Judge Guest is this day admitted to the 
Council. Governor Hamilton in town : nothing yet 
done conclusive, nor shall till the Assembly is over. 
Thomas Fairman comes with this to clear himself, 
and to do what he can in reason for my service." 
Penn has reference here to a communication sent him 
by Fairman, in reply to some charges that had been 
made against him in his capacity of deputy to the 
Surveyor General. The whole may be seen in the 
Penn and Logan correspondence (vol. I, p. 49), from 
which we give the following interesting extracts: 

"Governor: — Enclosed is what I promised for the 
first part, considering I have above six thousand acres 
of land of my own yet to take up, and much more for 
my friends. The Prcprietor may confide in my having 
ever without reward preferred his interest, and dare 
challenge the whole country to manifest the contrary. 
I confess I have took it a little hardly that strangers 
less capable have been preferred to offices of profit, and 
myself overlooked. 

" 1 can say, since I came from England, I have 
never had in all the value of forty shillings for any 
surveys or other business done whatsoever, and I am 
sure the account of my house and expense stands 
above one hundred and forty pounds since my arrival, 
besides what my plantation hath brought in; and I 



LONG ACCOUNT WITH THOMAS FAIRMAN. 329 

will never survey for one-half, and were I surveyor- 
general myself, I should be charged with oppression 
to allow my deputy less than two-thirds of .the survey 
wages. There wants but a word from my mouth and 
he would hardly find a deputy in the province; beside 
my circumstances are not as theirs ; my knowledge in 
the three counties exceeding; besides, above sixteen 
years ago, at my own charge for hands, horses and 
provisions. 

" I laid out many manors for the Proprietor, and 
never had a penny consideration ; and also, besides 
all that the Proprietor may remember how I have been 
as his boy, to show this and that man, such and the 
other piece of land, riding my own horse and some- 
times two, — one for the person to be showed. But 
this is all passed. I mention it to show the difference 
and much more I could say, of my service at Gov- 
ernor Markham's first arrival, and my unprofitable 
travels with Thomas Holme, beside my business, who 
at last died my debtor as per account one hundred and 
forty-seven pounds, of which I never had a penny." 

If the aforesaid is correct, which we believe has 
nowhere been questioned, Fairman had as good 
grounds for complaint in not being compensated as 
any other person. Penn must have been dilatory 
both in his payments and settlements to have let 
matters go on so long, extending back now for almost 
nineteen years, and through the pressure of his other 
debts was none the better enabled to discharge, and near 



330 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

too when he was about making^ preparations to return to 
England. Fairman therein intimates the appointment 
of another Surveyor-General after the death of Captain 
Holme in 1695, most probably meaning Edward Pen- 
ington which he thinks should have been more prop- 
erly filled by himself, owing both to his experience and 
long position as deputy. James Logan, it seems, bore 
him no good will, for in a letter on this matter to the 
Proprietary says, " I have not yet discovered Thomas 
Fairman about those great tracts of land. Thou fully 
knows my opinion of the man, and time does not alter 
it. This letter, perhaps may be of service to thee, but 
there is no dependence upon him." 

In regard to the aforesaid, Penn further remarks on 
the 30th, " I have thine by Thomas Fairman. I can 
only say that I will be certain in ni}' own right, and 
that he shall. I intend him the island under some 
moderate conditions, as mowing for my own use, and 
having some hogs on it with him, till it be drained or 
improv^ed, of which more when in town, so that I am 
content to oblige him ; but remember that I ask thee a 
question about the letter he writ thee when I come to 
town." The island here alluded to most probably was 
the one in the Delaware close to Pennsbury. Fairman 
assisted Thomas Holme in laying out the city of Phila- 
delphia. He died in 1714. 

On the I /th the Governor wrote to Logan, " The 
Master is come, and wants twenty tons of flour and 
bread, and I want thee. Things happen cross at this 



LONG ACCOUNT WITH THOMAS FAIRMAN. 33 I 

juncture by thy absence, we see. All, through mercy, 
well, only my broken shin. If thou wast here, poor 
Tishe might have one bill home for Charles Read's 
pay, he or his money supplying with some of the flour 
now needed." He here has reference to his daughter 
Letitia's yearnings for returning to England of which 
we shall learn more in a few months. Perhaps the 
pains of his leg were increased by his exertions and 
arduous journeys the previous month on horseback- 
mentioned in the last chapter. 

" I was," he writes on the 23d, " for trying yester- 
day to have come to town, but was feverish, and a cold 
upon me, besides an ill shin. To-day my cold is 
worse than yesterday, and have had a restless, feverish 
night, so I am doubtful I shall not come this after- 
noon ; and if so, intend a good sweat to-night, and to- 
morrow by land or water to undertake my journey. 
My daughter was ill yesterday with fever and cold, 
but has had a good night, and is better. John should 
return as soon as he well can." The 23d had been 
designated for him to meet the Council in Philadelphia, 
in consequence adjourned there to the 26th when he 
was present. 

Some time this year Edward Hunloke, who had 
been deputy Governor of West New Jersey several 
years previous, wrote to the Governor from Burlington : 
" Honored Sir, Seth Hill's Negro brought me fifty 
bottles to be filled with my best wine I have accord- 
ingly done it, viz : eight gallons and a quarter of the 



T,^2 \VM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

paler sort, and three gallons of the richer. I hope it 
will prove to satisfaction. The boatman saw the pack- 
ing of them, and gave him .strict charge to be very- 
careful. He waiting for this note. I have nothing 
further to add but that I am your Honor's most hum- 
ble servant." During his residence at Pennsbury, as 
may be observed by his correspondence, the Governor 
was in the frequent practice of receiving supplies from 
Burlington. 



EFFORTS TO DEPRIVE PENN OF HIS COLONV. 333 



CHAPTER XXX. 

EFFORTS MADE IN PARLIAMENT TO DEPRIVE PENN OF 

HIS COLONV. POLITICAL KNAVERY NO NEW 

THING. WRITES NUMEROUS LETTERS IN 

DEFENCE OF HIMSELF AND 
GOVERNMENT. 

\_Atfgitsf, //o/.~\ 

During August or 6th month, the Governor held 
meetings with the Council in Philadelphia on the ist, 
2d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 22d and 23d. On the 2 2d he com- 
municated to the Board advices he had received 
yesterday from England by the ship Mcssoigcr, 
giving an account of the great and strenuous en- 
deavors, used by several combined interests, to procure 
an act of Parliament for annexing to the Crown the 
several Proprietary Governments, to effect which, at 
the date of his letters, there was a bill before the House 
of Lords which had been twice read, and though not 
likely to pass this session, yet there was no probability 
of -Staving it off longer than the next, unless the Pro- 
prietary could personally be there to make his defence, 
and obviate the arguments brought against this Gov- 
ernment by evil minded persons, who were bent on 



334 ^^^M. PENN IN AMERICA. 

overthrowing the same. Therefore the Governor pro- 
posed to the consideration of the Board, what might 
be the most effectual methods to secure the general 
interest of the first adventurers in founding the colony, 
were in a great measure struck at by the said endeavors. 
Whereupon it was resolved, that the first step that 
could be taken would be to call an Assembly with all 
expedition, writs for this purpose to be forthwith 
issued, for calling a new Assembly, to sit on the i 5th 
day of the 7th month ensuing. 

Here was now a great and new trouble, involving 
much additional expense on the Proprietary to remain 
secure in his rights, besides requiring his attendance 
in London to rebut the several charges made against 
him and his Government. Politicians even in those 
days were also selfish and had their deep laid plots and 
plans, by which they alone expected to be benefitted, not 
caring beyond this for either rights, justice or principles. 
But at the same time if we carefully proceed in this 
work we cannot fail to see the continual evils arising 
from the colonial system ; the home Government 
being so jealous and exacting, and their growth under 
the circumstances must continue to make them more 
so. The very nature of a representative Assembly, 
elected too by the people, could not fail but help extend 
the principles that must eventually aspire to freedom 
and independence ; between the two the Proprietary 
could belittle more than a figure head. The thoughts 
of Penn no doubt often dwelt on this very subject 



EFFORTS TO DEPRIVE PENN OF HIS COLONY. 335 

amidst his numerous trials and vexations, as may be 
occasionally observed in his writings. Take, for 
instance, his plan for the Union of the Colonics, and 
also his suggestions respecting the Plantations, even 
intimations of this kind may also be found in several 
of his letters. 

It appears that the Governor at this time was very 
anxious to have his papers sent to England. In his 
letter to Logan on the i 3th says, " Remember that in 
two of my letters to the Lords of Trade, I promised 
the Laws by the first ship that goes hence ; so that I 
shall be under a necessity of sending some, and, in- 
deed excepting those that alienate my fines, and that of 
property as it stands, the generality may go as they 
are ; for this I must stop Nathaniel Puckle if it be for 
a week. Pray get them transcribed by good hands 
with all speed. I send John Saunders to be helpful, 
and I desire cousin Asheton to assist. It is thy busi- 
ness, for it was Patrick Robinson's, and he did it. I 
purpose to be in town Seventh or Second day, accord- 
ing as I hear of N. Puckle." This last mentioned 
person was the captain of a vessel called the Bristol 
Trader. 

Soon after Penn had commenced the improvements 
on his Pennsbury estate, he had also an orchard of 
fruit set out of the best English varieties. These trees 
must have now attained some size and yielded well if 
we are to judge by his preparations. On the 13th he 
wrote to his Secretar)', " h'cM'get not to proxide some 



7,^6 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

larger vessels for the keeping of cider than barrels. 
Four barrels and four hogsheads will do, and if no 
hogsheads, then two pipes, one at least." A k\v days 
later writes again to " send us up for cider what barrels 
thou canst get in town, by the very first opportunity. 
I mean such as are sweet, and have had cider in them 
— they will be cheapest ; also an empty pipe or two 
to put the mash of the apples in, being sawn asun- 
der. I think we will send in a day or two for the casks. 
S. Holt may help us to them cheaper." For that 
section of Pennsylvania the making of cider in the 
middle of August appears to be soon, they must have 
either consisted generally of early varieties or else 
that the seasons were then earlier in maturing fruit, 
which may also have been the case. John Oldmixon, 
who visited Pennsbury before 1708, speaks of the 
orchards there producing " excellent pearmains and 
pippins." 

We now come to where Penn in his several letters 
expresses his views on the efforts being made before 
Parliament to abolish the Proprietary system and an- 
nexing the several Provinces to the Crown. These re- 
marks are interesting and show the great expense and 
sacrifices he had made in the establishing of his 
colony. To Charles Lawton, I believe a member of 
Parliament, he writes on the 1 8th from Philadelphia. 

" I wish myself twenty years younger and no 
Englishman, and I would hope to enjoy the fruit of 
my labour and receive the return of my deep and 



POLITICAL KNAVERY NO NEW THING. 33/ 

sinking expenses. For instead of proscribing me it 
pays not the debt that the Crown owed my Father but 
involves me in i,"20,ooo SterHng to bring it to the 
pass it is in, which the loss of the Government defeats 
me of in the means and hopes of being reimbursed. 
I have spent I am sure more money on the country, 
government and the defence of it since I had it against 
such knaves as now attempt its ruin and mine. 
This it is that makes my case singular and deserv- 
ing of singular notice and distinction from common 
Proprietaries or incorporated bodies though the at- 
tempt is unjust upon them all." 

In defence of himself on this important matter he 
wrote letters on the 25th to the Duke of Devonshire 
and Marquis of Normandy; on the 26th to the Duke of 
Somerset, Lord Jeffrey and Lord Pawlett, and on the 
27th to the Earl of Dorset. To the latter he says, 
" Powers are properly in this case our encouragement 
in seeking our repose in a wilderness three thousand 
miles from home where I never thought any could envy 
our enjoyments of them, the soil and savage mere 
creation and as such we purchase it of the natives. But 
it is our hands and purses that have improved it to an 
English sort of property, and it shall be an favour to 
have a proviso for this ? Who ever made colonies at 
this rate ? I took it for a great debt and meritorious, 
which cost me almost as much to solicit it, and though 
I could have bought it for ;6"i200 I took it in lieu of 



338 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

all further hopes of ^^20,000 which my demands came 
to or very near it in 1681, and about which I gave 
thee many a troublesome visit. If I shall have time to 
lay out just as much again and to be deprived of it 
when it should make me amends, what severe usage 
among men ?" 

The aforesaid letters are generally lengthy, wherein 
he displays his remarkable powers as a ready writer to 
which we have several times before alluded. We are 
not aware that any of the aforesaid letters have been 
published, or that any extracts have been heretofore 
given, or reference made to them by any writers. 



REMARKABLE INDUSTRY OF THE GOVERNOR. 339 



CHAPTER XXXI. 

REMARKABLE INDUSTRY OF THE GOVERNOR. ILLNESS OF 

PHINEAS PEMBERTON. INTERESTING ADDRESS 

TO THE ASSEMBLY. NOTICE OF 

JOSEPH (iROWDON. 

\_Septcmber, 1701^ 

With his usual industry the Proprietary continued 
writing more letters for England in justification of his 
course and to thwart the designs of his adversaries. 
" I have heard," he states to the Earl of Romney on 
the 6th of this (7th) month, " of the very unfair treat- 
ment some have given me in my absence, which I am 
apt to think one word from the King if I could deserve 
it would alter. I was thus attacked in King James' 
time, and when he came to know the ruin it would 
prove to me, he cried out God forbid, he would never 
be the author of such cruelty. To be treated like a 
transgressor is to observe no measure to merit or in- 
nocency, at least here I am come to rectify things. I 
have had an expensive and hazardous voyage done it 
and now I must be turned out as a delinquent. God 
help us ! " 



340 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

On the same day he wrote to Logan and directs him 
to " prepare dupHcates to go by Edward Shippen's ship, 
of what went last. I have written to Lord Romney, 
and send it now to be copied. I think to be in town 
Fourth or Fifth day." 

To his Secretary he addressed a long and interesting 
letter on the Sth, which contains considerable informa- 
tion, revealing his anxieties and the embarrassments 
attending his present situation and circumstances. 
" The necessity of my going," he says, " makes it ab- 
solutely necessary for me to have a supply, and though 
I think a i," I, ooo should be forthwith raised, by Friends 
at least, to help me, yet, while land is high and valua- 
ble, I am willing to dispose of many good patches that 
else I should have chosen to have kept as everybody's 
money. To set about this, I desire T. Fairman, and 
C. P.* to come to me hither. I have opened my mind 
therein to them, and they have assured me that they 
will forthwith, a week being now more than six months 
another season. They will communicate to thee all 
they know anci remember, and endeavor to find out 
what customers they can, and acquaint thee of the 
value to set on the premises, in order to immediate 
supplies. The present Welsh from England are divers 
of them rich, and will want quantities, and T. Fairman 
undertakes to accommodate them handsomely. Lose 
not the opportunity. 

" Joseph Growdon, and J. Swift, who had the first 

* Very probably Caleb Pusey. 



REMARKABLE INDUSTRY OF THE GOVERNOR. 34 1 

choice, and would not serve without J. Gi'owdon, but 
against them all, of one hundred freeholders, there 
were not thirty-one present — an ill precedent for elec- 
tions, and which I could regret, for many here are 
troubled at it, and have declared themselves to me. I 
think to stay over their court, which will be next 
Fourth day. Poor Phineas is a dying man, and was 
not at the election, though he crept, as I may say, to 
meeting yesterday. I am grieved at it, for he has not 
his fellow, and without him, this is a poor country in- 
deed. 

" I cannot prevail on my wife, and still less with 
Tishe. I know not what to do. Samuel Carpenter 
seems to excuse hei in it ; but, to all that speak of it, 
say I shall have no need to stay, and a great interest 
to return. All that I have to dispose of in this world 
is here, for daughter and son, and all the issue which 
this wife is like to bring me, and that having no more 
gains by government to trust to for bread, I must come 
to sell, pay debts, and live, and lay up for this posterity, 
as well as that they may see that my inclinations run 
strongly to a country and proprietary life, which then 
I shall be at liberty to follow, together with her promise 
to return whenever I am ready. I confess this is one 
of the greatest arguments for some Friends of note 
going with us — to bring us back again ; else they can 
do but little there, and their expense may better help 
me. We want a little good Madeira wine, and some of 
the last white wine, if thou canst hit upon it. I am 



342 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

troubled at Judge Guest's heat to Samuel Carpenter — 
in a Judge it is scandalous. Try to cool him. His 
being indiscreet, is his great fault. Fifth or Sixth day, 
expect me." 

We see by the aforesaid that he was at this time 
greatly in want of money, and that he was willing to 
resort to some sacrifice to procure it. We need not 
wonder at this when we consider the necessities he was 
under for the discharge of his debts and the prepar- 
ations attending his return. Respecting Joseph 
Growdon and John Swift, he has reference to the 
Bucks county election. He was desirous to have his 
wife and daughter remain on his voyage, but he con- 
fesses that he could not prevail on them to do so, and 
of the two, the latter appears to have been the most 
desirous of returning. 

A second letter was sent the same day from Penns- 
bury, in which he says, " I intend to go in the Messen- 
ger, and as soon as may be after the Assembly is up. 
Samuel Carpenter, Isaac Norris, Caleb Pusey, and 
Samuel Jennings talked about going with me. Will 
it not devour what they should allow me, and signify 
nothing on the other side. Let John bring up my 
hair-trunk, my leather stockings, twelve bottles of 
Madeira wine, and as many of the new white wine, or 
six apiece. A runnel of ale from Philadelphia or 
Burlington should be brought us : we make our own 
small beer. I think to be in town Fifth or Sixth day. 
Phineas is very weak, more like to go than remain. 



ILLNESS OF PHINEAS PEMBERTON. 343 

Tell R. Janney the young man can neither plow nor 
mow, but has been mostly used to driving, is ready and 
good-natured, but swears." Swearing, it would seem, 
was a common fault even then, and objectionable to the 
Governor. 

Phineas Pemberton is the person referred to as being 
so infirm and who survived till the ist of ist month, 
1702, when he died at the age of upwards of fifty-two 
years. He was a useful and highly-esteemed man in 
the colony, and is deserving of some additional notice. 
He had been a grocer at Bolton, Lancashire, and was 
married to Phebe, the daughter of James Harrison, 
whose family, and father Ralph Pemberton accompa- 
nied him here in iith month, i6cS2. About a year 
afterwards he purchased a tract of three hundred acres 
in Falls township, near the manor of Pennsbury, on 
which he settled. In 1687 he erected on it a frame 
house, and had cut in relief on the oak lintel of the 
door the letters " P. P. P., 7d. 2 m. 1687," which has 
been duly preserved, and presented in 1876 to the 
Historical Society, where it may be now seen. He 
enjoyed a number of offices, and like his father-in-law, 
seems to have ever retained the confidence of the 
Proprietary. He was buried in the family burying 
ground on the banks of the Delaware, about a mile 
below the present borough of Morrisville, where a 
stone denotes the grave. In regard to his death, 
Samuel Carpenter, the eminent merchant of Philadel- 
phia, wrote to Penn, that he " will be greatly missed ; 



344 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

having left few or none in those parts, or the adjacent, 
hke him for wisdom and integrity, and a general 
service; and he was a true friend to thee and the Gov- 
ernment. It is a matter of sorrow, when I call to mind 
and consider that the best of our men are taken 
away, — and how many are gone, and how few to 
supply their places." His descendants are numerous, 
and have been in Philadelphia a noted family. 

Meetings with the Council were held in Philadelphia 
by the Governor on the3d, 15th, i6th, 17th, 20th, 23d, 
26th, 29th and 30th. On the whole, when we come 
to consider his labors for this month (Sept.), there is 
no cause for surprise at the astonishing amount of 
industry he has exhibited in accomplishing what he 
did, and that too amidst the most annoying anxieties 
and embarrassments to which the human frame can be 
subject, and wonder almost how, under the circum- 
stances, he could have borne up so well. He certainly 
could not have been of a melancholy or desponding 
temperament, for we see no evidences of despair or that 
he sought such companionship. 

At the meeting of the Assembly on the 15 th the 
Governor made to them a speech from which we ex- 
tract the leading points : 

" The reasons that hasten your session is the neces- 
sity I am under, through the endeavors of the enemies 
of the prosperity of this country, to go for England, 
where taking the advantage of my absence, some have 
attempted by false or unreasonable charges to under- 



INTERESTING ADDRESS TO THE ASSEMBLY. 345 

mine our Government, and thereby the true value of 
our labors and property. Government having" been 
our first encouragement. I confess I cannot think of 
such a voyage without great reluctancy that I might 
stay so long at least with you as to render everybody 
entirely easy and safe ; for my heart is among you as 
well as my body. Whatever some people may please 
to think, and no unkindness or disappointment shall, 
with submission to God's providence, ever be able to 
alter my love to the country, and resolution to return 
and settle my family and posterity in it. But having 
reason to believe I can at this time best serve you and 
myself on that side of the water, neither the rudeness 
of the season nor tender circumstances of my family 
can over rule my inclination to undertake it. 

" Review again our Laws, propose new ones that 
may better your circumstances, and what you do, do 
it quickly, remembering that the Parliament sits the 
end of next month, and that the sooner I am there the 
safer. I hope we shall all be here. I must recom- 
mend to your serious thoughts and care the King's 
Letter to me, for your assistance of New York with 
jCsS^ Sterling, as a frontier Government and therefore 
exposed to a much greater expense in proportion to 
other Colonies ; which I called the last Assembly to 
take into their consideration, and they w'ere pleased, for 
the reasons then given, to refer to this. 

" I am also to tell you the good news of the Gov- 
ernor of New York's happy issue of his conference 



346 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

with the Five Nations of Indians, that he hath not 
only made peace with you for the King's subjects of 
that Colony, but as I had by some letters before desired 
him, for those of all other governments under the 
Crown of England on the continent of America, as 
also the natives of Indians within those respective 
Colonies, which certainly merits our acknowledgements. 
I have done when I have told you that unanimity and 
despatch are the life of business, and that I desire and 
expect it from you for your own sakes, since it may so 
much contribute to the disappointment of those that 
too long have taught the ruin of your young country." 

On the following day, while the Governor was in 
session with the Council, two members of the Assem- 
bly acquainted him that they requested to be admitted 
to his presence, to which he agreed, when the several 
members accordingly appeared and the Speaker, in the 
name of the House, presented the following address : 
" May it please the Proprietary and Governor, 

" We have this day, in our Assembly, read thy speech 
yesterday delivered in Council, and having duly con- 
sidered the same, cannot but be under a deep sense of 
sorrow for thy purpose of so speedily leaving us, and 
at the same time taking notice of thy paternal regards 
of us and our posterity, the freeholders of this Prov- 
ince and Territories annexed, in thy loving and kind 
expressions of being ready to comply with whatsoever 
expedient and provision we shall offer for our safety, as 
well in privileges as property, and what else may ren- 



NOTICE OF JOSEPH GROW DON. 34/ 

der us happy in a nearer union of our interests, not 
doubting the performance of what thou hast been 
pleased so lovingly to promise, do in much humility, 
and as a token of our gratitude render unto thee the 
unfeigned thanks of the House. 

" Subscribed by order of the House, Joseph Grow- 
don, Speaker." 

To which the Governor made answer : " That 
every word of his speech was written in his heart, 
and he should use his utmost endeavors to make it 
all good, to which he desired their assistance, and that 
they would proceed, in order to it, with all expedi- 
tion." 

On the 20th, he wrote to Col. Depeister of New 
York, " I have another grant to show them, and if not 
an account of disbursements in defence of the King's 
title against Lord Baltimore as well as that I am not in 
full possession till the Line be run which from time to 
time I have prest at home and here upon him and his 
agents. For an answer I will wait upon them God 
willing in England within three or four months, and I 
presume to their satisfaction." 

On the same day the Assembly presented an address 
to the Governor concerning property, which was signed 
by Joseph Growdon as Speaker. To which he replied 
at some length, but contains nothing of particular im- 
portance. It may be seen in full in the Appendix 
(vol. II, pp. 40-4) of Proud's History. 

Isaac Norris addressed a letter from Philadelphia on 



348 \VM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

the 26th to his fritnd Daniel Zachary of Boston, in 
jvhich he states, "Our Assembly still sits; and my 
time almost taken up, that I am quite weary of state 
affairs. Judge Guest is made our chief judge, upon 
which Judge Growdon would not act as his inferior." 
Joseph Growdon was a man of distinguished attain- 
ments, and resided in Bensalem, Bucks county. He 
was the owner of nearly half of said township, and of 
whom Gabriel Thomas in 1696, states that he " hath a 
very noble and fine house, very pleasantly situated, and 
likewise a famous orchard, wherein are contained 
above a thousand apple trees." Oldmixon in 1708, 
pays him the compliment of having been " very in- 
strumental in planting and settling this county, for 
which, and many others things, it is very much in- 
debted to his care and services." He was a Friend 
and came from Cornwall, and settled here about 1683. 
He appears to have been a man of an independent turn 
of mind, and after the aforesaid appointment was made 
exhibited a coldness towards the Proprietary. He 
died in 1730, leaving three children, Joseph, Lawrence 
and Hannah. 



THE ASSEMBLY NOT HARMONIOUS. 349 



CHAPTER XXXII. 

THE ASSEMBLY NOT HARMONIOUS. A DELEGATION OF 

INDIANS COME TO BID THE GOVERNOR FAREWELL. 

MARRIAGE IN THE OLDEN TIME, WITH SOME 

ACCOUNT OF JOHN SOTCHER. THE GER- 
MAN PURCHASE. 

S^Octobcr 1-17, ryoi.'] 

The Assembly, which had been called by the Pi o- 
prietary on the 15th of 7th month, still continued in 
session, whose proceedings were anything but harmo- 
nious, and respecting whom Isaac Norris, in a letter to 
Daniel Zachary, dated the 3d of the present (8th) 
month, writes, " Our Assembly still sits, and little 
done. They are now worse than ever, believing them- 
selves sure of the government change. Their endeav- 
ors, I mean the lower county members and our mal- 
contents here, to leave us, if possible, without laws or 
liberties — oppose anything that we offer for our settle- 
ment. Our Governor is much grieved at this parting 
carriage of the people. I know not how things will 
end, but at present they have a very ill usage." 

Meetings with the Council were held in Philadelphia 



350 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

by the Governor on the 6th, 7th, 9th, loth, 13th, 14th 
and 15th of October. On the afternoon of the 7th, 
the Sachems of the Susquehanna and Shavvanese 
Indians, with several others, came to the Council to 
take leave of the Proprietary before his departure for 
England. 

He informed them that this now was like to be his 
last interview with them, at least before his return; that 
he had ever loved and been kind to them and ever 
should continueso tobe, — not through any political de- 
sign or interest, but one of real affection, and desired 
them in his absence to cultivate friendship with those 
he would leave behind in authority, as they would al- 
ways, in some degree, continue to be to them as him- 
self had ever been. The Governor also informed them 
that the Assembly was now enacting a law, according to 
their desire, to prevent their being abused by the sell- 
ing of rum, with which Orettyagh, one of the Sachems, 
in the name of the rest, expressed a great satisfaction, 
and desired that that law might effectually be put in 
execution, and not only discoursed of as formerly; for 
they had long suffered by the practice but now hoped 
for a redress, and that they should have reason to com- 
plain no more. 

And for the more effectually answering so good a 
design, the Governor desired that whenever any trans- 
gressed the said law, and came contrary amongst them, 
to agreement they would forthwith take care to give 
information thereof to the Government, that the offen- 



INDIANS BID THE GOVERNOR FAREWELL. 35 I 

ders might be duly prosecuted ; which they promised 
to observe, and that if any rum were brought they 
would not buy it, but send the person who brought it 
back with it again. Then the Governor informed them 
that he had charged the Members of Council, and then 
renewed the same charge, that they should in all re- 
spects be kind to them, and entertain them with all 
courtesy and demonstrations of good will as he him- 
self had ever done, which the said members promised 
faithfully to observe ; and making them some presents, 
they withdrew. 

John Richardson, a travelling Friend from England, 
arrived in Maryland the 6th of ist month, 1701, and 
remained in this country till the 6th of 9th month, 
1702, when he sailed for Barbadoes and thence to the 
land of his nativity, where he died in 1753 in his 87th 
year. He wrote an account of his life and travels, 
published in " Friends' Library" (vol. IV., pp. 96, 7, 
for 1 840, Phila.), from which we extract that portion 
that relates to the aforesaid meeting of the Governor 
and Council with the Indians, which by Watson in his 
Annals, and one or two other writers, has been erro- 
neously stated to have taken place at Pennsbury. 

" Much of the other part of the time I spent in see- 
ing, to my satisfaction, William Penn and many of the 
Indians, not the least of them, in council concerning 
their former covenants, now again revived by his going 
away for England ; all which was done in much calm- 
ness of temper, and in an amicable way. To pass by 



352 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

several particulars, I may mention the following : They 
never first broke covenant with any people; for, as one 
of them said, smiting his hand upon his head three 
times, they did not make them there in their heads, 
but smiting his hand three times on his breast, said, 
they made them there in their hearts. When they 
had ended the most weighty parts for which they held 
their council, William Penn gave them match-coats 
and some other things ; which the speaker for the In- 
dians advised to be put into the hands of one of tlieir 
Kings, for he knew best how to order them. I ob- 
served, and also heard the like from others, that they 
did not speak two at a time, nor interfere in the least 
one with another that way in their councils. Their 
eating and drinking was also in much stillness. 

" After William Penn and they had expressed their 
satisfaction, both for themselves and their people, in 
keeping all their former articles inviolate, and 
agreed that if any differences happened amongst any 
of their people, they should not be an occasion of 
fomenting or creating any war between the people and 
the Indians, but justice should be done in all such 
cases, that all animosities might be prevented on all 
sides for ever. They went out of the house into an 
open place not far from it, to perform their worship, 
which was done thus : First, they made a small fire, 
and the men without the women sat down about it in 
a ring, and they sang a very melodious hymn, which 
affected and tendered the hearts of many who were 



INDIANS BID THE GOVERNOR FAREWELL. 353 

spectators. When they had thus done, they began to 
beat upon the ground with httle sticks, or make some 
motion with something in their hands, and pause a 
httle, till one of the elder sort sets forth his hymn, 
followed by the company for a few minutes, and then 
a pause ; and the like was done by another, and so by 
a third, and followed by the company as at first; which 
seemed exceedingly to affect them and others. Hav- 
ing done, they rose up and danced a httle about the 
fire, and parted with some shouting like rejoicing." 

On the loth the members of Assembly met in con- 
ference with the Governor. He embraced the occasion 
to let them know that he had further considered the 
bill against selling rum to the Indians, and desired that 
they would admit in it the evidence of the Indians, 
without which the design of the act would be eluded; 
and that though they were not under the same 
conscientious obligation as Christians are to speak 
the truth, yet they might be obliged to do it 
through the dread of some punishment to be inflicted 
in case of their giving false evidence. He also pro- 
posed to the Assembly to consider of some fit persons 
to be appointed by him to represent him in the Gov- 
ernment during his absence. He informed them that 
he had written several months ago to his son, recom- 
mending for the King's approbation as deputy Gover- 
nor, Col. Andrew Hamilton, the present Governor of 
East and West New Jersey. 



354 ^^"^I- PENN IN AMERICA. 

It has been the fortune of the writer at various 
places to meet with original documents respecting John 
Sotcher and Mary Lofty, the steward and stewardess of 
Pennsbury, especially relating to their marriage, and 
as an olden time affair have concluded to be pretty 
full therein, thus showing better the changes that have 
since taken place, even among so staid a people as the 
Society of Friends. From letters addressed by 
Hannah Penn to her father, Thomas Callowhill, we 
know that this marriage, at least, had been in contem- 
plation as early as in the previous summer, for on the 
17th and 2 2d of 6th month she wrote respecting it, 
and desiring him to procure a certificate of Mary 
Lofty's clearness in relation to the matter from the 
Meeting she had belonged to in the city of Bristol. 
Which however was not granted till the 3d of 9th 
month following and forwarded the next day, when the 
marriage had been accomplished two weeks and a half 
The result was in consequence a stricter inquiry than 
usual of both parties in this respect by the Meeting 
here. The affair being hurried on account of the Pro- 
prietary and his family leaving in a few weeks for 
England, and who desired to be present at its con- 
summation. 

From the minutes of Falls Monthly Meeting we 
learn that on the 4th of 7th month, 1701, John 
Sotcher made known his intentions of taking Mary 
Lofty for his wife, when Joseph Kirkbride and Sarah 
Sirket were appointed to examine as to their clearness 



MARRIAGE IN THE OLDEN TIME. 355 

and report at the meeting. Penn was present at the 
latter and stated that he proposed to leave them in 
charge of Pennsbury, and as the season hurried his 
departure, he desired to see the marriage accom- 
plished before his return. The Meeting adjourned one 
week, to give the committee further time to examine 
and report on the subject. At the Monthly Meeting 
held on the 8th of 8th month a favorable report was 
made, and at which also a recommendation was read 
from the Governor and his wife, when consent was 
given for the marriage. Phineas Pemberton, Joseph 
Kirkbride, Richard Hough and Samuel Dark were ap- 
pointed to draw up the certificate. 

From the minutes of Council we learn that " The 
Governor, having divers affairs to settle in his 
family at Pennsbury, went up thither on the i6th of 
October, and did not return till the 21st instant." As 
the marriage took place on the i6th at the Falls 
Meeting house, it is quite likely that Penn must have 
left Philadelphia quite early in the morning to have 
been there in time, unless it took place in the afternoon. 
Amongst the strangers present were Jennings, Logan, 
Langdale, Gove, Shippen and Warder. The following 
is a verbatim copy of the marriage certificate in which 
the name appears and is signed Satcher, though we 
have concluded to follow the common style, which was 
always thus spelled by Penn. It being a general fault 
in those days to spell names variously, as may be seen 
in several instances in this work, which is often per- 
plexing to writers on this period. 



356 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

" Whereas John Satcher of Pensberrie in ye County 
of Bucks and Province of Pencilvania, Cordwainer and 
Mary Loftis of ye same place, county and province, 
Spinster having intentions of taking each other in mar- 
ryage did pubhsh ye same before severale PubHck 
meetings of ye people of God, called Quakers as also 
made Legale Publication thereof 

" Now These are to Certifie all whom it may con- 
cern that after deliberate Consideration and Consent of 
Parties Concerned and approbation of ye said meet- 
ings, upon ye sixteenth day of ye Eighth month Ano. 
Dom. One thousand Seven hundred & one they ye 
said John Satcher and Mary Loftis appeared in a pub- 
lic and solemn assembly of ye afforesaid people met 
together for that end and purpose at their usual meet- 
ing House in ye falls Township in ye aforesaid County 
and province, and then and there ye said John Satcher 
taking ye said Mary Loftis by ye hand did openly de- 
clare that he took ye said Mary to be his wife and also 
did promise to be unto her a faithful and loving hus- 
band untill death should separate them. And in like 
manner ye said Mary Loftis did then and there openly 
declare that she did take ye said John Satcher to be 
her husband and did likewise promise to be unto him 
a faithful and loving wife untill death shall separate 
them. 

" Moreover ye said John Satcher and Mary Loftis 
(She according to ye custom of marryage assuming 
her husband's name) as a further confirmation thereof. 



MARRIAGE IX THE OLDEN TIME. 357 

at ye aforesaid time and place to these presents set 
their hands and we whose names are here under Sub- 
scribed being pressent amongst others at ye solemniza- 
tion & subscription of ye said marriage as witnesses 
thereunto have likewise set our hands ye day & year 
above Written. 

John Satcher, 
Mary Satcher. 

" Wm. Penn, Sol. Jennings, Phineas Pemberton, 
Joseph Kirkbride, Josiah Langdale, Rich'd Gove, Jos. 
Shippen, Solomon Warder, Wm. Macket, Richard Cook, 
Rich'd Hough, James Logan, Peter Worrall, Job Bunt- 
ing, Wm. Biles, Jr., Saml. Burges, John Burges, Edw'd 
Kempe, ElUza. Brock, Sarah Sirket, Rebeckah Richard- 
son, Abigail Pemberton, Ann Murray, Joan Humphrey, 
Hannah Penn, Lettitia Penn, Margery Hough, Mary 
Warder, Junr., Rachell Bunting, Phebe Baker." 

We also give a copy of the certificate of clear- 
ness to which we have alluded as forwarded by 
Thomas Callowhill in a letter to his daughter, 
which was addressed, " William Penn, Esq. Pro- 
prietor & Governor of Pensilvania for H. P. Or 
if Absent for James Logan or Thomas Storie for 
M. L." The said initials standing for Hannah Penn 
and Mary Lofty. By absence is meant the departure 
of the Proprietary and his family for England, which 
by said letter it appears they expected. This certificate 
did not come to hand probably for two months after 
the marriaere. 



358 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

"To our Friends and Brethren In the Province of 
Pensylvania and whomsoever else it doth or may con- 
cern. 

" Mary Loafty formerly of this City now of Pensyl- 
vania having signified unto us her inclination to join 
in Marriage there and requested a Certificate of her 
Clearness here whilst with us, she lived soberly and 
was of orderly conversation and upon due inquiry 
do not find but that she is free and clear from all 
parties here in relation to Marriage which we certify 
from our Men's Meeting in the City of Bristol this 
Third day of the Ninth month 1701. Signed in and 
on behalf of the Meeting by Richard Sneade, Thomas 
Callowhill, Charles Jones, Benja. Coole, Joshua Cart, 
Jeffr. Pennell, Arthur Thomas, Samuel Cox, Tho. 
Bayly, Waltr. Kippen, Alex. Arscott." 

John and Mary Sotcher had four children, Hannah 
born 25th of i ith month, 1702, and married in 1720 
to Joseph Kirkbride ; Mary born in 1704, and married 
in 1724 to Mahlon Kirkbride; Robert born 3d of 9th 
month, 1706, and Ann born in 17 10 and married in 
1728 to Mark Watson. The late Anthony Burton, 
long President of the Farmer's Bank of Bristol, was a 
descendant. 

In May, 1 70 1, the Proprietary sent John Sotcher 
and Edward P'armer as agents to proceed to the Lehigh 
river and enquire into a disturbance that had occurred 
there amongst the Indians, and also as to their inten- 
tions. In 1722 he represented Bucks county in the 



THE GERMAN PURCHASE. 359 

Assembly, and died the 19th of iith month, 1729. 
When Penn had embarked on board the ship Dolma- 
hoy, the 3d of November, 1701, in parting there with 
his Secretary James Logan, impressed him to " Re- 
member J. Sotcher and Pennsbury;" meaning not to 
forget in his correspondence to inform him about 
them. 

Respecting the aforesaid, Logan wrote sometime 
after 7th month, 1704, that " Though there were forty 
acres cleared at Pennsbury at thy going off, there was 
but little fit for immediate service. John Sotcher has 
now cleared, I suppose, forty acres since and it is re- 
solved to make it pay for itself, though he has not 
hitherto been able to do it. — They misinform who say 
the place goes to ruin. John and Mary are as good 
servants as any in America, but will not stay upon it 
unless thou designs over quickly. She has two little 
children, — are healthy and not troublesome. The 
garden, it is true, is not cultivated ; nor is there any 
reason it should in your absence. All or most of 
the parterres are dead by blasting." 

At the close of Chapter XXVI., mention is made of 
several pamphlets having been printed in Germany in 
1700 to encourage emigration to Pennsylvania. This 
was chiefly done under the auspices of the Frankfort 
Land Company, organized as early as 1682, who at 
various times thereafter took up large tracts to dispose 
of to their countrymen in smaller quantities, and thus 
induce them for their mutual benefit to settle together. 



360 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

The agents of the company having made the requisite 
arrangements with the Proprietary for a later and more 
extensive purchase, who hereupon issued the following 
order : 

" Whereas by my Warrant bearing date the 26th of 
7th month, 1 70 1, I required thee to lay out for the 
German Company of Purchasers 22025 acres of Land 
fronting the River Schuylkill the breadth of about 600 
perches and whereas the said Germans haxe requested 
that I would further Grant that their said Front should 
extend downwards about 100 perches and terminating 
below a small Rocky run falling into the said River. 
These -therefore are to require thee to make returns of 
the said Tract according to their request together with 
the Islands opposite to the said Front in the River 
Schuylkill, lying on the PLast side of the Channel, 
for which this shall be thy authority. Given under my 

Hand, 14th, 8 ber, 1701. 

" Wm. Penn. 

" To Edward Penington, Surveyor General." 

According to a Warrant from the hand and seal 
of the Proprietary, date 26th of 7th month, 1701, and 
also 14th of 8th month, 1701, Edward Penington, 
Surveyor General, certifies that he has surveyed to 
Daniel Falkner, agent for the German Company of 
Purchasers, in right of their former purchases made of 
the Proprietary and Governor, a tract in Philadelphia 
County, near the Mahanatawny creek on the Schuyl- 
kill, amounting to 22,377 acres; beginning at a marked 



TH?: GERMAN PURCHASE. 36 1 

hickory, standing at the mouth of a small run about 
120 perches distant from Mahanatawny creek, from 
thence by the several courses of the river Schu\-lkill, 
the several distances on the said several courses 
amounting- to 1,288 perches to a marked corner tree 
standing by the side of a rocky run, falling into the 
said river, from thence by a line of marked trees and 
vacant land north-east 3,846 perches to a hickory, from 
thence north-west by vacant land 940 perches to a 
post standing near a marked hickory, from thence west 
50 degrees south by the Proprietary's and Governor's 
land 4,360 perches to the first mentioned hickory, 
containing 22,377 acres. The Warrant aforesaid order- 
ing 22,025 acres to be laid out, and the order allowing 
a certain bend in the aforesaid river Schuylkill to be 
added, supposed to contain about 1 80 acres, but is 
found to add to the said 22,025 acres the quantity of 
352 acres, which added together makes the tract 
amount to the number of acres first above mentioned. 
Surveyed the 13th of 8th month, 1701. Returned 
according to the above said surv^ey and bounds unto 
the Proprietary and Governor's Secretary's office, 21st 
of 8th month, 1701. 

P^DWARD Penington, Surveyor General. 

The above tract lay adjoining the east side of John 
Penn's grant, mentioned in the next chapter. The 
present borough of Pottstown is situated on the line, 
and whose territory was taken nearly equally from 



362 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

those two tracts. This German purchase comprised 
considerable of Pottsgrove, the whole of New Hanover, 
besides some additional territory in the adjoining 
townships. This will explain how the early settlers 
there were nearly all Germans. 



PHILADELPHIA INCORPORATED A CITY. 363 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 

PHILADELPHIA INCORPORATED A CITY. THE SWEDISH 

PURCHASE AT MORLATTON. THE PROPRIETARY 

MAKES ADDITIONAL PROVISION FOR HIS 

CHILDREN. THE NEW CHARTER OF 

PRIVILEGES. MAKES HIS WILL 

AT NEW CASTLE. ARRIVES 

SAFELY IN ENGLAND. 

[October 18 — January, //oi.'] 

The Governor returned from Pennsbury on the 2ist 
of 8th month, 1701, and held meetings with the Coun- 
cil in Philadelphia on the 22d, 23d, 24th, 25th and 
28th, during which time very important business was 
transacted and which necessarily kept him unusually 
busy. On the 25th he signed the Charter for the city 
of Philadelphia, the whole of which may be seen in 
Proud's History (vol. II., pp. 534, Appendix), and 
wherein we find the following extract : " That at the 
humble request of the inhabitants and settlers of this 
town of Philadelphia, being some of the first adventurers 
and purchasers within this province, for their encour- 



364 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

agement, and for the immediate and entire "'overnment 
of the said town, and better regulation of trade therein, 
I have, by virtue of the King's letters patent, under the 
great seal of England, erected said town into a borough, 
and by these presents do erect the said town and bor- 
ough of Philadelphia into a city; which said city shall 
extend the limits and bounds, as it is laic out between 
Delaware and Schuylkill." 

By the same two market days were allowed to be 
held each week, to be on Fourth and Seventh days, 
and two fairs ev^ery year, one to begin the i6th of 3d 
month, called May, the other on the i6th of 9th month, 
and each to be for two days. " And I do hereby grant," 
.says Penn, " that all the vacant land within the bounds 
and limits of the said city shall remain open, as a free 
common, or pasture, for the use of the inhabitants of 
the said city, until the same shall be gradually taken 
in, in order to build or improve thereon, and not other- 
wise." He appointed Edward Shippen, mayor, Thomas 
Story, recorder, Thomas Farmer, sheriff and Robert 
Asheton, clerk of the courts. It will be observed by 
the aforesaid, that previously the city had been an in- 
corporated town or borough, but now for its better 
government and regulation was allowed much more 
extensive privileges. 

On the 1 8th the Governor addressed a letter to 
Lieut.-Gov. Nanfan, of New York, in respect to the 
dilatory action of the Assembly in not voting supplies 
for the defence of that colony. " Yet," he says, "they 



THE SWEDISH PURCHASE. 365 

could not be prevailed with to think of any supply for 
the Fort, being extremely in arrears to the public, and 
the Lower Counties very poor and long indebted to 
the merchants, and their staple, tobacco, none of the 
best and never lower." No doubt the Assembly was 
scrupulous on this matter, but on which the Proprietary 
had fully ccmmitted himself and now endeavored to 
palliate for their neglect. 

The descendants of some of the early Swedish set- 
tlers below Philadelphia being desirous of removing 
further up the country and found a colony near the 
head of the navigable waters of the Schuylkill, in con- 
sec]uence availed themselves of the opportunity whilst 
Penn was still in the country to make a considerable 
purchase. F"or this purpose they selected the Rev. 
Andrew Rudman, their minister in Philadelphia and 
provost of the Swedish church, to act as their chief 
agent. Satisfactory arrangements having been made, 
the following instructions were issued : 

William Penn, Proprietary and Governor of Penn- 
sylvania and counties annexed. At the request of 
Andreas Rudman, Clerk, on behalf of himself and sev- 
eral of his countrymen the Swedes, the old inhabitants 
of this province desires to make a new settlement that 
I would grant him to take up Ten Thousand acres of 
Land on the River Schuylkill near Manatawny Creek. 
These are to require thee forthwith to survey and lay 
out or cause to be laid out to the said Andreas for the 
uses aforesaid according to the method of Townships 



366 WM. PEXN IN AMERICA. 

by me appointed the said number of Ten Thousand 
acres of land at the yearly rent of one bushel of wheat 
per hundred acres. Beginning about six hundred 
perches in a direct line up the River Schuylkill above 
the German's upper line and going ten miles backwards 
from the River with the said German's Land, or in case 
the said place shall not appear convenient for them then 
to lay out the said number of acres for the uses afore- 
said in any other place afore described and make re- 
turns not only of the whole tract but of the several 
subdivisions thereof from time to time as they shall be 
made unto my Secretary's office. Given under my 
Hand and Seal at Philadelphia the 21st of 8ber, 1701. 

WM. PENN, 
To Edward Penington, Surveyor General. 

This purchase led to the Morlatton settlement, on 
which St. Gabriel's church was finished in 1737, at the 
present Douglasville, Berks county. Among those 
early settlers here can be mentioned Marcus Hulings, 
Jonas Jones, Mounce Jones, Jonas Yocum, and several 
of the name of Anderson, Kerst and Kerlin. 

As is well known amidst all his pecuniary embarrass- 
ments Penn continued an indulgent parent, and before 
his departure concluded to make some additional pro- 
vision for his children. On the 24th of this (Oct.) 
month conveyed to his daughter Letitia the manor of 
Mount Joy, containing 7,800 acres, located on the west 
side of the Schuylkill, adjoining the Welsh tract in the 
present Montgomery county and a little south of Val- 



PROVISION FOR HIS CHILDREN. 36/ 

ley Forge. This grant included "all the powers of 
court baron, court leet and frankplege." Oldmixon in 
his British Empire in America, published in 1 70S, says 
that the first limestone dug in America was on this 
manor. On the following day he conveyed to his in- 
fant son not yet two years old a tract of 12,000 acres 
on the east side of the Schuylkill in the vicinity of the 
present borough of Pottstown. This was retained by 
the said John Penn till June 20th, 1735, when he sold 
it to George McCall of Philadelphia for 2,000 guineas, 
or in our present currency $9,333, and on a resurvey 
was found to contain 14,060 acres. On the same day 
also bestowed on the said son the manor of Perkasie 
of 10,000 acres in the present township of Rockhill, 
Bucks county. These were to be held in trust by Sam- 
uel Carpenter, Edward Penington and Isaac Norris till 
he attained his majority. 

On the 27th Isaac Norris ac'dressed a letter to Jef- 
frey Pennell, a Friend residing in the city of Bristol, 
wherein he says that " This comes by our Proprietor 
and Governor, Penn, who, with his family, are under- 
taking this hazardous voyage at too hard a season. I 
earnestly desire and pray for their preservation and 
safety — him we shall want. The unhappy misunder- 
standings in some, and unwarranted opposition in oth- 
ers, have been a block to our plenary comforts in him, 
and his own quiet ; but these things are externals only. 
Our communion in the church sweetens all, and our 
inward waitings and worships together have often been 



368 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

a general comfort and consolation ; and in this I take 
a degree of satisfaction, after all, that we part in love ; 
and some of his last words, in our meeting yesterday, 
were, ' That he looked over all infirmities and out- 
wards, and had an eye to the regions of spirits, wherein 
was our surest tie ; ' and in true love, there he took 
leave of us. His excellent wife — and she is beloved by 
all, I believe I may say in its full extent ; so is her 
leaving us heavy, and of real sorrow to her friends — 
she has carried under and through all with a wonder- 
ful evenness, humility, and freedom ; her sweetness and 
goodness have become her character, and are, I believe 
extraordinary. In short we love her, and she deserves 
it." We learn from the aforesaid that Penn had at- 
tended meeting on the 26th in the city, and had 
preached on the occasion and had taken his leave of 
the congregation. 

The warrant to run the line between Chester and 
New Castle counties was signed by the Governor on 
the 28th. This was the beginning of the famous 
Mason and Dixon's line, and separating Pennsylvania 
from the Territories, as the three lower counties were 
called, now constituting the state of Delaware. The 
said warrant directed that it should be made " By a 
circular line extending according to ye King's Letters 
Pattents and Deeds of Enfoeffment from the Duke for 
ye same, and ye sd circular line to be well marked 
two-thirds part of ye semicircle." 

However among the most important matters was 



NEW CHARTER OF PRIVILEGES. 369 

the signing on the 28th of the new Charter of Privi- 
leges for the Province, which was the third P'rame of 
Government adopted. The first was made in England 
April 25th, 1682, and the second April 2d, 1683. The 
present one continued in force till into the Revolution, 
when it was entirely supplanted by a State Constitu- 
tion. Of this Charter it becomes us now to dwell, for 
compared to the previous ones as respects privileges 
the people were considerably the losers, while the Pro- 
prietary rights were greatly strengthened. The 
Council or what we might call the Senate, were no 
longer elective, the Proprietary had now the power to 
select and dismiss them at his pleasure and without 
any restriction as to their number. The Governor had 
also the power to restrain the Assembly in the passage 
of any bill he now thought fit. 

In the third article of the Charter we find " That the 
freemen in each respective county, at the time and 
place of meeting for electing their representatives to 
serve in Assembly, may, as often as there shall be 
occasion choose a double number of persons to pre- 
sent to the Governor for sheriffs and coroners, to serve 
three years, if so long they behave themselves well out 
of which respective elections and presentments, the 
Governor shall nominate and commissionate one for 
each of the said offices." Though elections were held 
and appeared free yet with such restriction could 
amount to little, but to render officials pliant and tract- 
24 



370 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

able to the measures or designs of the Proprietaries. 
We need not wonder any longer when we come to 
examine into it at the high-handed or arbitrary pro- 
ceedings of such men as deputy Governors Evans and 
Denny, backed as they were by the powers to which 
they owed their positions. In examining the Colonial 
Records and Archives we frequently find the appoint- 
ment of men who had received the next highest vote, 
the opposing candidate continuing to be elected by 
the greatest majority a number of times and still fail- 
ing therein, owing to some objectionable cause to the 
Proprietary party. 

Gordon in his History of Pennsylvania (pp. 121— 3), 
mentions another strong point gained by the Proprie- 
tary in the new Charter. " Nor was the Council rec- 
ognized as a part of the government, unless a prohibi- 
tion to the Governor and Council to take cognizance 
of any complaint relating to property, except appeals 
should be allowed by law from the ordinary tribunals, 
may be considered as such recognition. The practice 
of trying causes relative to real estate, before the Gov- 
ernor and Council, as well as those in which private 
citizens were parties, as those in which the Proprietary 
was interested, had been continued. This made him a 
judge in his own cause, and was highly objectionable 
when the Council was elected by the people ; it be- 
came wholly inadmissible when that body became the 
mere creature of the Governor." 

The Charter of Privilei/es to the Province and 



NEW CHARTER OF PRIVILEGES. 3/ 1 

Counties, which Penn had signed on the 28th of Oct- 
tober, 1 70 1, may be seen in full in the Colonial Rec- 
ords. (Vol. II., pp. 56—61.) On the same day he ap- 
pointed Edward Shippen, John Guest, Samuel Carpen- 
ter, William Clark, Thomas Story, Griffith Owen, 
Phineas Pemberton, Samuel Finney, Caleb Pusey, and 
John Blunston to be his Council of State for the Gov- 
ernment of the said Province of Pennsylvania, and 
Counties annexed, of whom any four shall be a quorum 
to consult and assist with the best of their advice and 
council, him or his deputy Governorfor the time being. 
And of whom he says " to continue in place till my 
further order shall be known : and I further hereby 
grant to my Lt. Governor for the time being, full 
power and authority, upon the decease or removal of 
any of the said Council, to nominate and appoint 
others to serve in their place and stead, also to add to 
the number of the Council now appointed." So passed 
away the independent elective Council for the Propri- 
etary Government. Ellis in his Life of Penn (p. 372) 
is considerably mistaken when he says that " the new 
frame of Government was essentially the same, except 
in allowing the territories to separate from the govern- 
ment of the province." Very probably without ex- 
amining into the subject, Janney says (p. 45 i) that " in 
some respects was even more liberal than those which 
preceded it." 

The Governor probably left Philadelphia on the 29th 
or on the morning of the 30th, for we know that on 



3/2 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

this day he had arrived at New Castle where he made his 
will. This instrument is so interesting that we propose 
to give therefrom the following extracts : 

" New Castle on Delaware, 30,- 8br, 1701. 
" Because it is appointed for all men once to dye, and 
yt their days are in the hands of the Almighty their 
Creator, I think fitt upon this my present voyage to 
make my last will and testament, which is as follows, 
vizt :***** * I give to my servants 
John and Mary Satcher three hundred acres between 
them, to James Logan one thousand acres and my 
blacks their freedom as is under my hand already and 
to ould Sam too acres, to be his childrens after he and 
wife are dead forever, on common rent of one bushel 
of wheat yearly forever, and for performance of which 
I desire my loving Friends Edward Shippen, Samuel 
Carpenter, Edward Penington and James Logan in 
America or any three of them and Benjamin Gool, 
Thomas Callowhill, Henry Goldney and Joseph Pike 
in P^ngland or any three of them to be my executors, 
trustees and overseers, or any three of them to see 
this my last will observed, and that I have right done 
me about my incumbrances and that my family suffer 
not by oppressive demands but to get me and myne 
righted in the law or equity, and I do hereby charge 
all my children, as their loving dying Father's last 
command and desire that they never goe to law, but if 
any difference should arise wch I would hope will not, 



MAKES HIS WILL AT NEW CASTLE. 373 

that they be concluded by the Judgement of Frds to be 
chosen by the meeting of sufferings of the people called 
Quakers in England for English and Irish concerns, 
and in America of the ffrds of the quarterly meeting 
at Philadelphia in Pennsylvania for a small decision. — 
I do further ordain by this will that my estate I here 
give to either or any of my children be never alienated 
from my family for want of heirs of their own body 
but that debts being payd they may owe, the rest to be 
inherited by the next of blood of my body and de- 
scent and for want thereof my dear sister and her 
blood in such manner as she shall appoint. 

" And now — if ever I have done amiss to any I desire 
their forgiveness — and for all the good offices I have 
ever done, I give God who enabled me the honor and 
thanks — and for all my enemies and their evil reflec- 
tions — and reports and endeavors to ruin me in name 
and estate — I doe say the Lord forgive them — and 
amend them. — P^or I have ever from a child loved the 
best things and people, and have had a heart — I bless 
the name of Almighty God to do good without gain. 
Yea sometimes for evill — and to consume my own to 
serve others, which has been my greatest burden — an 
infirmity having a minde not only just but kinde even 
to a fault. For it has made me hardly so just by 
means of debts thereby contracted as my integrity 
would have made me. 

" And now for all my good Friends that have loved' 
and helped me doe so still in my poor children what 



374 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

you can, and God Almighty be to you and yours an 
ample reward — You have my hearty and grateful ac- 
knowledgements and commemoration who never lived 
to myself From my very youth But you and the 
whole world in love and service. This I ordain to be, 
and accordingly is my last will and testament revoaking 
all other. Given under my hand and seal, the day and 
year above written. 

Wm. Penx [.seal.] 

" Sealed and delivered in the presence of Richard 
Hallowell, Joseph Wood, Robert Asheton, James 
Logan." 

It is entirely too long for our purpose but the 
whole may be seen in Friends Intclligc)iccr{yo\. II., p. 
337, for 1846), besides it was superseded by a later 
Will, made on the 27th of 3d month, 171 2. How- 
ever, its contents are calculated to give the general 
reader a deeper insight into his principles on a serious 
matter, and that too just before undertaking a long 
voyage at a hazardous time of the year and as char- 
acteristic of the man. It also gives his sentiments on 
several important subjects: particularly relating to 
differences of opinion that might arise as to the mode 
of adjusting and settling the affairs of his estate. The 
original was found among the papers of the late 
Miers Fisher, and from thence came into the possession 
of Thomas Gilpin. 

On the same day " The Proprietors Agreement 



MAKES HIS WILL AT NEW CASTLE. 375 

about the Charter for the Lower Counties " was agreed 
upon at New Castle and is as follows : 

" Because my time has been very short, and many 
matters of moment crowding at once upon me, I have 
not been able to digest and thoroughly consider the 
Charter of Property in all the branches of it, especially 
in point of courts, and powers therein expressed. I 
have thought fit, for a common safety to forbear the 
complete passing of the same, until I see the state of 
affairs at home. 

2dly. Because the lower counties are not included ; 
and till they either are included, or have a charter 
for their properties also, I cannot safely do it. 

3dly. I shall, in the compass of six months, order 
the passing of the said charter, under the Great Seal, if 
God give me life, unless affairs at home require us to 
change measures for the general good. . 

4thly. I do hereby declare, grant and confirm the 
first part, relating strictly to titles of lands, as amply 
to be of force as if I expected the same, and only 
decline that of powers from necessary caution for a 
common safety. 

Wherefore I do hereby order that my honored 
friend, Governor Hamilton, keep the said draught 
in his custody, signed by me, unsealed, till he hears 
from me ; and if he hears not from me to the contrary, 
or my heirs, in six months' time, that then he suffer it 
to pass under the seal, and not otherwise ; hereby 
promising to all concerned that that, or such an 



376 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

instrument in the substance thereof as counsel learned 
in the law in England shall advise to be safe for me 
and the people to pass, shall be by me executed, there 
or here, for our mutual further security. In testimony 
of which, I do hereunto set my hand and seal, this 
31st, 8br, 1 70 1. 

William Penn. [seal.] 

" I do also promise to the lower counties a charter 
of property suitable to our relation to one another, if 
they require it from me." 

The Charter of the Borough of Chester was signed 
on the 31st, and to which he ordered the Great Seal of 
the Province to be affixed. It is curious from what 
motive he should have thus deferred it to be also signed 
at New Castle. The following interesting extract is 
given from the same: 

"William Penn true and absolute Proprietary and 
Governor-in-chief of the Province of Pennsylvania, and 
Territories thereunto belonging : To all to whom these 
Presents shall come, sends greeting. — Whereas in my 
first Regulation and Division of the counties of this 
Province, I thought fit to order, That the Townstead 
or village then having the Name of Upland should be 
called Chester, which I thereupon constituted the 
Shiredom of the County of Chester, and ordained and 
appointed all my Courts of Judicature for the affairs of 
that County to be there held and kept, and the County 
Goal or Prison to be and remain there for ever. And 
whereas about the same Time or soon after, for the 



MAKES HIS WILL AT NEW CASTLE. 3// 

Encouragement of the said Town, I was pleased to 
grant unto my ancient Friend John Simcock in behalf 
of himself and others the Inhabitants of the said Place, 
the Privilege of a Market to be there weekly held and 
kept. After which the said Inhabitants, upon their 
special Instance, did also obtain from my late Lieuten- 
ant Governor and Council a Grant for two Fairs to be 
held in the said town yearly. All which the inhabitants 
of the said Town, and of the adjacent Parts of the said 
County of Chester, having humbly brought me to con- 
firm unto them, together with such additional Privi- 
liges and Franchises as I might think fit or requisite 
for the better Encouragement of the Settlers, and regu- 
lation of trade therein." 

From the flourish that the descendants of Penn had 
made with their titles down to the Revolution, we were 
not aware before that they could go to him for prece- 
dence, but we have here the fact, in styling himself 
" true and absolute Proprietary and Governor-in-chief of 
Pennsylvania, and Territories thereunto belonging." 

The Proprietary had already on the 12th of Octo- 
ber, or 8th month, made an agreement with Captain 
John Fitch, the commander of the ship Dobnahoy, for 
his passage to England under the following con- 
ditions : 

"That the said Governor shall have the full and free 
use of the whole great cabin of the ship, in her voyage 
from Pennsylvania to London, to himself and family ; 
for which he shall pay the said Captain at London, 50 



3/8 WM, PENN I\ AMERICA. 

guineas. And for every person going in said cabin 
(a young child excepted) ^^3 per head, for their 
necessary accommodations of fire, water, etc., and 
storage for provisions ; for such passengers as lie out 
of the cabin, and eat of the ship's provisions, £6 
per head, and for those that do not eat of the same. 
That, for all such dry-goods and packages as the said 
captain must pay E. Shippen freight for, the said 
Governor shall pay the Captain the same rate. 
That, in case the captain should be obliged to sail 
without the Governor, he shall then be paid at 
London for his disappointment. In witness, whereof, 
the said parties have hereunto interchangeably set 
their hands the day and year first above written." 

On the 3d of November from on board the ship he 
gave his " Instructions to James Logan, my Receiver 
and Secretary," and which the latter endorsed " Pro- 
prietor's last instructions to me. just at Parting." We 
give the greater portion of its contents : the whole 
may be seen in the Penn and Logan Correspondence 
(vol. II., pp. 59-61.) 

"I have left thee in an uncommon trust, with a 
singular dependence on thy justice and care, which I 
expect thou wilt faithfully employ in advancing my 
honest interest. Use thy utmost endeavors, in the 
first place, to receive all that is due to me. Get in 
quit-rents; sell lands according to my instructions to 
my commissioners ; look carefully after all fines, 
forfeitures, escheats, deodands, and strays, that shall 



MAKES HIS WILL AT NEW CASTLE. 3/9 

belong to me as proprietor or chief governor. Get in 
the taxes and Friends' subscriptions, and use thy 
utmost dihgence in making remittances to me, with all 
my effects, by bills of exchange, tobacco or other 
merchandise, or by any means that in the best judg- 
ment, or the advice of my friends skilled in those 
affairs, may be my advantage, not only directly to 
London, but by the West Indies, or by any other pru- 
dent method whatsoever; but take advice especially 
of Edward Shippen and Samuel Carpenter, and others 
best experienced in trade. 

"Thou may continue in the house I lived in till the 
year is up. Pay off all my notes and orders on thee, 
settle my accounts, discharge all my debts honorably 
but carefully, make rent-rolls, draw up an estimate of 
my estate, and of what may be raised from it, which send 
over to me as speedily as possible, for it may be of 
great use to me; and in all other things show thyself 
a careful and diligent agent to justify my trust of thee 
for so great a trust. Thou must make good to Col. 
Hamilton, my deputy Governor, two hundred pounds 
per annum of your money, till such time as I procure 
an approbation for him, and afterwards three hundred 
pounds. Also to John Moore, as attorney-general, 
thirty pounds a year, so long as he shall serve me 
faithfully. 

" Write to me diligently, advising me of everything 
relating to my interest. Send all mv household goods 
up to Pennsbury, unless thou inclines to keep sufficient 



380 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

furniture for a chamber to thyself, for which thou hast 
my leave : take care that nothing be damnified or lost. 
Give my dear love to all my friends, who I desire may 
labor to soften angry spirits, and to reduce them to a 
sense of their duty ; and at thy return give a small 
treat in my name to the gentlemen at Philadelphia, for 
a beginning to a better understanding, for which I pray 
the Lord to incline their hearts for their own ease, as 
well as mine and my friends. 

" For thy own services I shall allow thee what is 
just and reasonable, either by commission or salary. 
Serve me faithfully as thou expects a blessing from 
God or my favor, and I shall support thee to my ut- 
most, as Thy true friend. 

Will. Penn." 

According to the custom of Friends, it is quite 
probable that Penn and his wife received certificates of 
removal from Falls Monthly Meeting, as we know that 
his daughter Letitia had from the Monthly Meeting of 
Women Friends in Philadelphia, and which was dated 
27th of 7 th month previous. 

It may be presumed that on the 4th, the second day 
of the voyage, the ship had cleared the Capes and was 
now on her way across the Atlantic, when a curious 
incident transpired. W^e mean the writing of a letter 
on said day by Thomas Callowhill to his daughter, ad- 
dressed " William Penn, Esqr., Proprietor and Governor 
of Pensilvania for H. P." We eive the following 



ARRIVES SAFELY IN ENGLAND. 38 I 

extracts, copied from the original, perhaps now first 
pubhshed : (2.) 

Bristol, 4th of 9th month, 1701. 
Dear Hannah. 

Thine of the 17th and 22d of 6th month last came 
to our hands and gave us the satisfaction of hearing of 
your health, &;c., so welcome to us. We continue in 
indifferent good health. I bless God many are in ex- 
pectation of your sudden coming over, which makes 
me doubt whether this may find you at Pensilvania or 
not, if it doth let it bring to thy remembrance what I 
wrote in my former touching my lands purchased there 
of which I expected thy care and some answer. Thy 
letter hints great uncertainty in your settlement and it 
is the opinion of B. C. and other Friends that you will 
come over suddenly, otherwise thy mother would in- 
cline to send over some necessaries which she now 
omits because of the uncertainty of its finding thee. 
We are now come to the i6th and in pretty good de- 
gree of health but not without weakness and pains that 
attends our age and decaying bodies. Last five days 
past brought us news that Parliament was disolved and 
that the King would issue out writts for a new Elec- 
tion to sit the 30th of loth month. This letter is now 
sent with dear love from myself and thy Mother to the 
Governor, thyself, dear John, Tishe and our friends in 
general. Phebe desires to be kindly remembered to 
vou. Tiio. Callohili,. 



382 \VM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

We can see in the aforesaid that from information 
derived from previous correspondence that Hannah 
Penn had determined on returning to England, and 
that even this coming would not, to her family, be 
wholly unexpected, and who appear to have encour- 
aged her in it. This reminds us of the Proprietary's 
letter from Pennsbury the 8th of 7th month previous 
to James Logan, wherein he says, " I cannot prevail on 
my wife to stay and still less with Tishe. I know not 
what to do." We may well fancy the poor man's feel- 
ings when that was written. 

In his return Penn had a remarkably quick passage, 
and infer from his correspondence that he must have 
arrived at Portsmouth about the 4th of December. 
On the loth of i ith month he addressed a letter from 
Kensington to his " Honored and Esteemed Friends," 
most probably his Provincial Council in which he 
mentions " having all ready written from Portsmouth 
by the Jersey Frigate to Governor Hamilton. I bless 
God this leaves us all well save my sore leg and toe 
which yet are in a kindly way to be better. I have little 
news to write you ; only am told the business I came 
about is like to be dropt, and I am at some stand still 
what to do, I hope God will direct for the best. 

" Here has been villainous work against us, such 
fallacy, malice, and trickery, 't is contemptible as well 
as wicked; but I do not despond. Affairs here are 
dubious, a war likely next .spring. Parties very warm 
and contesting, hard to say which may carry it. I 



ARRIVES SAFELY IN ENGLAND. 383 

wish a discreet composure. I say no more than that 
I pray God Almighty to be with and among you in 
his fear and wisdom, and bring us once more together, 
which will be a comfortable day I hope." 

" Thou wilt hear," he wrote to Logan on the 4th of 
iith month, "long ere this comes to thy hand, I 
doubt not, of all our safe arrival, through the great 
and continued mercies of God ; save my leg got a 
small rub about four days before our coming into the 
channel, which by contrary applications in town, has 
disabled me from having the benefit of my swift pas- 
sage, as I might otherways have had. We were but 
twenty-six days from land to soundings, twenty-eight 
to the start in Devonshire, and thirty to Portsmouth. 
Nothing yet done in my affairs, but my coming I do 
more and more see necessary, on divers accounts ; 
though a troublesome and costly journey. My son 
has been very serviceable, but costly, and half given 
away for the country. 

" I wrote by an English ship, last week — in short, 
not time to read it — that if John and Mary come, his 
brother leaving him £150, if he come in two years for 
it, that Hugh be steward and gardener, and old Peter 
go to the garden when needful ; and that Phineas 
Pemberton's wife and daughter sec to the bedding and 
linen, once a month. Mind that the leads be mended. 
I pray God continue poor Phineas. We remember 
you all, in }-our respective capacities, with much love 
and rcijartl, and Pennsvlvania will not be forgotten. 



384 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

Remember me to all officers in Government, and to de- 
serving friends, &:c." 

He also states respecting the voyage that " five of 
the last days clear for observation, before we came to 
the Channel. The Captain very civil, and all company. 
Tishe and Johnne, after the first five days hearty and 
well, and Johnne exceedingly cheerful all the way." 
By John and Mary he means the steward and his 
wife at Pennsbury, and Tishe and Johnne, his daugh- 
ter and infant son. In his letter to the Proprietary 
dated the 2d of loth month, Logan says, " This it 
is hoped, will find thee, through the good providence 
of God, safely arrived on the English shore, which 
is the repeated desire and prayer of thousands here." 

Having now followed Penn for the last time to his na- 
tive land and from the beginning of his two voyages 
to their close, it may be well for comparison's sake 
to furnish the amount of time occupied in each and 
how long he was altogether in the Province. The 
first time he left England September ist, 1682, and 
returned about October 6th, 1684, consequently absent 
about two years and thirty-six days. The second 
time he left September 3d, 1699, and returned about 
December 4th, 1701, making about two years and 
three months, the total being four years and a little 
over four months. He arrived in the colony the first 
time October 27th, 1682, and left August i6th, 1684, 
making one year and nearly nine and a half months. 
The second time December ist, 1699, and left Novem- 



ARRIVES SAFELY IN ENGLAND. 385 

ber 3d, 1 70 1, making one year and upwards of eleven 
months, being altogether in the Province about three 
years and ten and a half months in his lifetime of 
upwards of thirty-four years since he received his 
grant. 



25 



386 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 



CHAPTER XXXIV. 

PENN's troubles in ENGLAND. HOW EVANS BECAME 

DEPUTY GOVERNOR. ACCOUNT OF LETITIA PENN. 

THE PROPRIETARY NO FINANCIER. AF- 
FAIRS AT PENNSBURY. 

According to the Proprietary's cash book kept by- 
James Logan and now in the possession of the Ameri- 
can Philosophical Society, his whole expenses while 
here from November, 1699, to the same month, 1701, 
amounted to /'2,049 Pennsylvania currency, being 
equivalent to $5,464.86 of our present money. This 
probably also includes all expenses for repairs and im- 
provements made at Pennsbury within said period, as 
well as all outlays for labor. 

A catalogue of the goods left at Pennsbury was made 
by James Logan the 3d of i ith month, 1701, and con- 
tains a long list of the various articles of furniture, etc., 
remaining in the several rooms of the mansion house 
there. It is too length}' for our use, but the whole 
may be seen in the Penn and Logan Correspondence 
(vol. I., p. 62.), and is not without interest. 

From the Bucks county records we learn that on the 
17th of I Ith month, 1701, for the sum of ^" 100 Ster- 



PENN's troubles in ENGLAND. 387 

ling, Penn conveyed to George Beale, yeoman of Guil- 
ford, in Surrey " 3000 acres of land clear of Indian in- 
cumbrances in the said Province between the river 
Susquehanna and Delaware," and to which he duly 
affixed his hand and seal, witnessed by "William Lirk- 
fold and William Beale. This instrument we find was 
not recorded till April 4th, 1729. The stipulations in 
this deed are so unusual, at least to us, having never 
observed anything like it in any other grant. We 
must therefore conclude that it was his great need of 
money alone that caused him to submit to the require- 
ments of such a title. 

No doubt on his arrival home the Proprietary nmst 
have felt some relief, while his wife and daughter on 
this account must have continued in happiness for 
months. But his anxieties were yet by no means over 
if we are to judge his feelings as expressed in the fol- 
lowing, addressed to the Lords Commissioners of 
Trade and Plantations on the 7th of 2d month, 1 702 : 

" As I am much obliged to your justice that I shall 
not be condemned unheard so I must by the continu- 
ance of it to allow my circumstances the time required 
to wait upon you. I am one hundred miles off with a 
weak family and divided ; my wife in one place ; a 
poor weak child in another whose languishing condi- 
tion occasioned my leaving the town some days sooner 
than I intended though I had been unprofitably as well 
as expensively there a whole month. And indeed I 
thought all attempts against us over for this session 



388 \VM. PENX IN AMERICA. 

and had leave as I may call it of Lord Manchester to 
follow my family concerns. I shall leave nothing to 
an agent being upon the spot myself, and hope I shall 
not be surprised by hasty commands. If I did not 
write I told your Secretary why. It was no fault but 
my trouble. I was too infirm to stand an hour or two 
with legs as feeble as mine are well known to be. I 
hope the malice of my enemies and those of my de- 
serving country shall not have that power with you to 
hurry me away without some reasonable allowance of 
time. And in the mean time I pray for a copy of the 
accusations." 

Governor Hamilton, whom Penn had appointed as 
his deputy, died in February, on which account he ad- 
dressed a letter to the Lords Commissioners of Trade 
on the 2d of 5th month, 1703, in which he says that 
he was "informed by a letter from New York the 3d 
of the month called May of the death of Col. Hamilton, 
and well knowing the importance of it to the public 
that this place be supplied forthwith I humbly propose 
to the Board to recommend to the Queen's approba- 
tion Col. Wm. Markham or Capt. John Finney." 

On the 6th, or a few days after he wrote to the same : 
" Finding some difficulty was made at the Board upon 
my naming Col. Markham to you though the most 
capable person to fill up the present vacancy by the 
death of Col. Hamilton there and being unacquainted 
with Capt. Finney's friends in England that should 
give security for his regular administration, I presented 



HOW EVANS BECAME nEI'l'TV GOVERNOK. 389 

to the Queen in my petition John Evans, Esq. for her 
Royal approbation, a person of good sense and repu- 
tation to'be my Lieutenant Governor for the Province 
of Pennsylvania and Territories, which being referred 
to your last Cabinet I earnestly beg you will not suffer 
me to lose the Council to-morrow the ship being ready 
to go in a very few days by way of Boston, and the 
Province suffering greatly in their affairs for want of a 
Governor upon the spot and you will oblige, &c." 

Two days after he wrote another letter urging still 
more strongly the approval of Evans, and as it is brief 
and has never before been published, give it in full that 
the reasons for his choice may be known. 

" To the Lords of Trade, &;c. 

8, 5 mo. (July) 1703. 

" Hon'ble Friends. The Gentlemen named in my 
Petition to the Queen and Letter to you, is a person 
that has had a liberal education, been abroad and 
loiows the world very well is sober, discreet and of a 
good understanding for his time. No merchant and 
to no temptation that way. No soldier but has been 
in Planders and observed the discipline of the troops 
frequently and penetrates more than I presume our 
poor colony wants. He will give security as Col. 
Hamilton did and has more than enough to secm'e 
them that are his and is not in debt but lives like a 
gentleman upon his estate here. He is a single man 
neither voracious nor extravaeant and is a known 



390 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

zealous member of the Church of England, and I pre- 
sume will be recommended by gentlemen of undoubted 
reputation. I am in hopes this may satisfy your in- 
quiry and the gentleman that gives this for me being 
his acquaintance Charles Lawton, Esq., who may be 
more particular if you think it necessary. I am your 
respectful Friend, 

Wm. Penn." (4.) 

Markham was a good selection and it is to be re- 
gretted that he failed therein. Evans, though only 
about twenty-six years of age, must have evidently 
been a man of some means, according to what he 
states in the above letter. One account represents 
him to have been at this time an officer in the Queen's 
household, and that his father was on the most inti- 
mate terms with the Proprietary. Of the subsequent 
scandalous conduct of Governor Evans and William 
Penn, Jr., in Philadelphia, a pretty full account may be 
seen in Dixon's Biography. 

As has been stated in a previous chapter when the 
Proprietary sailed for this country he left behind him 
his only surviving son by the first wife, William Penn, 
Jr., who had been married and the father of several 
children. On his return he found that he had become 
addicted to dissipated habits, evil companions and 
greatly involved in debt. He concluded for his good 
to send him over with Governor Evans to Pennsyl- 
vania, recommending him to the care of James Logan. 
He arrived with hounds, hunting equipments and fish- 



ACCOUNT OF LETITIA PENN. 39 1 

ing tackle to divert his mind and keep him from city 
temptations at Pennsbury. But the novelty soon wore 
off, he took to Philadelphia, and fell into his former 
habits, and after a few years residence returned with 
as little respect for the colony as the people had here 
for him. As early as 1689, the Proprietary had di- 
rected Thomas Holme, the Surveyor-General, to lay 
out a tract of land " on the canoable part of Schuyl- 
kill," and as a provision had conveyed to him the 2d 
of 8th month, 1704, as the "manor of Williamstadt," 
containg 7,482 acres. The spendthrift son five days 
afterwards sold it to Isaac Norris and William Trent 
for ^^850 incurred for debts. He was the cause of 
great anxiety and expense to his father. To avoid his 
creditors he fled to France, leaving his wife and child- 
ren to be maintained at the family seat at Rushcombe. 
He died at Liege in 1720, of consumption and fever 
brought on by his excesses. Though we give addi- 
tional information, Dixon gives a pretty full account 
of him, while he is barely mentioned by the rest of 
Penn's biographers. 

Respecting Letitia Penn, who accompanied her 
father to Pennsylvania, we have not been enabled to 
find any published account beyond an incidental men- 
tion of her name. We are now enabled, however, to 
supply, in part, this defect from information derived 
chiefly from manuscript sources. Her age we have 
been unable to ascertain, but we know that at her de- 
parture for America she must have been a full-grown 



392 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

young woman. Among her associates and visitors at 
Pennsbury we find mention of the daughters of Ed- 
ward Shippen, of Philadelphia, and Governor Jennings, 
of Burlington. She was present at the marriage of 
one or two of the latter at the meeting house there. 
On the marriage of Mary Lofty, the stewardess of 
Pennsbury, she made her a present of a chest of 
drawers that had cost ^7. Her father bestowed 
on her, the 29th of ist month, 1701, the large lot on 
the south side of Market street between Front and 
Second, with the cottage theron, which was occupied 
by him on the occasion of his fir.st visit. She sold off 
a portion of this ground to Charles Read the following 
9th of 5th month. The manor of Mount Joy, con- 
taining 7,800 acres on the Schuylkill, adjoining the 
Welsh tract was patented to her the 24th of 8th month 
of the same year. Of this she retained possession till 
1736. In his letters Penn calls her Tishe and 
mentions her increasing desire to return, her illness 
and how after the first five days of the voyage she 
continued in good health. When arrangements had 
been made for returning, according to the custom of 
Friends she made application for a certificate of 
removal which was granted and read as follows : 

From our Monthly Meeting of Women Friends in 
Philadelphia, the 27th of 7th month, 1701. 

To our worth)- and well deloved sisters in London, 
Bristol, or wherever these may come, grace, mercy, 
and peace, from God the Father, be greatly multiplied 
amo.ig you all. Amen. 



ACCOUNT OF LETITIA PENN. 393 

These may certify you, that our worthy and well 
beloved friend, Letitia Penn, intending to cross seas 
with her honourable parents, hath for good order's 
sake desired a certificate from us, and we can freely 
certify all whom it may concern, that she hath well 
behaved herself here, very soberly, and according to 
the good instructions which she has received in the 
way of truth, being well inclined, courteously car- 
riaged, and sweetly tempered in her conversation 
amongst us, and also a diligent comer to meeting, and 
hope she hath plentifully received the dew which 
hath fallen upon God's people, to her settlement, and 
established in the same. 

" She is free from any engagement on the account of 
marriage, as far as we know, and our desires are ear- 
nestly for her preservation, that she may faithfully ser\'e 
the God of her fathers, that her green years being sea- 
soned with grace, may bud and blossom, and bring 
forth ripe fruits to the praise of God, and the comfort 
of his people, which is the true desire of your friends 
and sisters in the near relationship of the unchangeable 
truth. Signed on behalf of and by appointment of the 
meeting." 

She was married to Wm. Aubrey 20th of 6th month, 
1702, about nine months after her arri\al in England. 
Her father, in a letter to James Logan, dated 6th of 7th 
month, thus mentions it : " My daughter is married 
next Fifth day will be three weeks. We have brought 
her home, where I write, a noble house for the citv, 



394 ^^'^'- PE^'>-' '^' AMERICA. 

and other things I hope well." Respecting this 
affair John Stoughton makes the following remarks 
(Wm. Penn the Founder, London, 1882, pp. 318-19): 
" Some said Letitia at the time was under an engage- 
ment to William Masters, and when the persons who 
signed the certificate heard this, they wished to recall 
it, whereupon much controversy ensued. For soon 
after her return to England she was married to one 
William Aubrey. Certainly we find her brother say- 
ing in a letter from London, ' My sister Letitia has, I 
believe, a very good sort of man, that makes a good 
husband : William Masters, whatever ground he had 
for it in Pennsylvania, made a mighty noise here, but 
it lasted not long.' The father also remarked that she 
was married, adding : ' But S. Penington's, if not S. 
Harwood's, striving for William Masters against faith, 
truth, and righteousness, will not be easily forgotten ; 
though things come honourably off, to his and the old 
envy's confusion, his father's friends nobly testifying 
against the actions of both.' Penn has not clearly ex- 
pressed himself in this last sentence, but I gather from 
it that there had been a family dispute ; that the rela- 
tions of Letitia's mother did not approve of the match, 
and herein differed from the father's opinion. He 
clearly had a strong feeling of displeasure, and makes 
no secret of it." 

In the work on " The Penns and Peningtons (Lon- 
don, p. 418) mention is made that Letitia Aubrey's 
husband having got a portion in money with her and 



THE PROPRIETARY NO FINANCIER. 395 

a promise of land in Pennsylvania, ten thousand acres 
were bequeathed to her." We feel positive that we 
somewhere saw in the receipts and expenditures 
amongst the Penn manuscripts that this portion had 
been fixed at ^2,000 Sterling, for which Penn had 
given obligations, and that for several years thereafter 
had been in the practice of paying him the interest 
thereon. To a man so in debt this sum appears enor- 
mous, but presume in justice to Letitia was small 
enough to what William Penn, Jr., had already cost 
him. She had no children and died in 1745, and was 
buried near her parents at Jordans. She had made a 
will, dated 20th of 5th month, 1744, and which was 
proven 5th of 2d month, 1746. 

It has been the practice of several of the biographers 
of Penn to dwell on the obstinacy of Lord Baltimore 
and the faithlessness or dishonesty of his agents, par- 
ticularly the Fords, as the causes of his pecuniary em- 
barrassments, without a word of reflection as to his 
own capacity or abilities as a financier. As a scholar he 
possessed literary abilities of a high order, and as a 
statesman was endowed with executive qualifications, 
whose ideas were even in advance of his age, and at 
once bold, original and practical. He was no cold 
.statue as some would build up, but a man of generous 
views, benevolent and warm hearted even to impulsive- 
ness, hence the indulgent parent, the liability to credu- 
lousness, the chief causes of pecuniary distress and ruin 
arising directly or indirectly from its promoters in- 
debtedness and extravagance. 



396 WM. PENN IX AMERICA. 

If ever a mind suffered from these causes it was 
Penn's, and to which he so often alludes in his writings. 
In his parting address to his wife and children at 
Worminghurst on the 4th of 6th month, 1682, he 
says, " Ruin not yourselves by kindness to others ; for 
that exceeds the bounds of friendship, neither will a 
true friend expect it." This he should also have par- 
ticularly heeded and wherein he alludes also to his 
father-in-law Springett by his "public-spiritedness hav- 
ing worsted his estate." He thus wrote to Logan in 
1 2th month, 1702, " I strictly charge thee to represent 
to Friends that I am forced to borrow money, adding 
debts to debts, for conferences, counsel's opinions, 
hearings, etc., with the charges for them. Guineas 
melting away, four, five, six a week, and sometimes as 
many in a day." Again he wrote eight months later, 
and but a few days after Letitia's marriage. " I never 
was so reduced; for Ireland has hardly any money. 
England severe to her. No trade but hither and at 
England's mercy for prices, so that we must go and 
eat out half our rents, or we cannot enjoy them." In 
another letter he says, " I am sorry to have such a 
prospect of charges ; two houses and the Governor's 
salary, my son's voyage, stay, and return ; and no 
revenue nor Susquehanna money paid, on which ac- 
count I ventured my poor child so far away from his 
wife and pretty children, and my own oversight. Oh ! 
Pennsylvania, what hast thou not cost me ? Above 
£^30,000 more than I ever got ; two hazardous and 



THE PROPRIETARY NO FINANCIER. 39/ 

fatiguing voyages ; my straits and slavery here ; and 
my child's soul almost." 

We think that in these his voluntary doings he has 
been unnecessarily severe and perhaps unthankful, and 
shall therefore give the views of Judge Quarry on 
this matter in his letter to the Lords of Trade, dated 
May 30th, 1704 (see Docs, relating to Col. Hist, N. 
Y., vol. IV., p. 1083), and who appears was thus 
acting under instructions from the Government who, 
it is evident, exercised a system of espionage. 

" I am obliged to acquaint your Lordships that 
besides the i,"2,ooo which the Assembly gave Mr. 
Penn before he went hence, and the Excise on beer, 
wine, &c., he had managed the people so with his 
specious promises, that he got a subscription from 
all the severall meetings throughout the whole Pro- 
vince, which by a very modest computation amounts 
to ^^2500, one of the original subscriptions and an 
original receipt from his Secretary and Receiver 
General to the Collector ; I have in my possession, 
a copy of which is here enclosed by which your 
Lordships will see the pretences he uses to impose 
upon the poor people, and to gain his point, so that 
by these ways together with the Quit rents, Super- 
numerary land, and the constant sale of land, the 
Country is quite drained of all the mone}', there is 
scarce enough left to go to market." 

In his parting instructions to Logan, the 3d of 9th 
month, 1 701, he stated among the rest that he should 



398 ^VM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

"get in the Friends subscriptions," and as these were 
continued for some time after Judge Quarry's report 
may have considerably exceeded said sum. It is re- 
markable how silent this matter has remained, we 
believe none of Penn's biographers make any mention 
of it, and the whole amount thus received by him it is 
likely was never made known. In his Will, made at 
New Castle, October 30th, 1701, Penn thus alluded to 
the cause of his financial troubles : " To do good with- 
out gain, yea sometimes for evil, and to consume my 
own to serve others, has been my greatest burden. An 
infirmity having a mind not only just but kind even to 
a fault. For it has made me hardly so just by means 
of debts thereby contracted as my integrity would 
have made me." 

On this subject Robert Sutcliff, a Friend from Eng- 
land, relates an anecdote that he had received in 1 805 
(Travels, p. 104), from an old family he had been 
visiting in Merion, Montgomery county. " At this 
place," he says, " I was told that as William Penn was 
once coming up from New Castle to Philadelphia, a 
Friend in the vessel remarked that both the wind and 
the tide were against them ; William Penn im- 
mediately replied, that ' himself had been sailing 
against wind and tide all his life!' This reply was very 
descriptive of the difficulties which this great man en- 
countered in the world." 

As respects the holding of slaves and the subject of 
slavery Penn's views were decidedly in advance of his 



THE }'K0PKI1£TARV NO FINANCIER. 399 

age, and that for himself his character stands undimin- 
ished. By his Will made at New Castle, the 30th of 
8th month, 1 701, he gives his "blacks their freedom as 
is under my hand already." Hannah Penn, in a letter 
dated London, 9th of 3d month, 1720, to her cousin, 
Rebecca Blackfan, at Pennsbury, says, " The young 
blacks must be disposed of to prevent their increasing 
charge. I have offered my daughter Aubrey one, but 
she does not care for any, I would however have the 
likeliest boy reserved, and bred up for reading and 
sobriety as intending him for myself, or one of 
my children ; about which I design to write to J. 
Logan, for if Sue promises a good industrious servant 
and sober I would have her the more tenderly used 
than I had intended." 

Accordingly she wrote to Logan the 6th of the fol- 
lowing month : " I find from my Cousin Blackfan that 
there are several small negroes at Pennsbury incapable 
of working if so it is hard I should be at the expense 
of keeping them on my charge and as that estate 
belongs to my son Penn, wherefore I must desire thou 
wilt consider of it and dispose of them to the best 
advantage. Though I would not have poor Sue sold 
to one that would use her hardly nor if possible have 
the children separated from her. I hav^e offered my 
daughter Aubrey one of them, but she declines it, yet 
I would have the handsomest and best disposed boys 
reserved for me and I would have an inventory taken 
and sent over though there is no need to remove them 



400 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

till my son has wrote to me about it which he has not 
yet or if he should order any body to take possession 
of the place." 

To this Logan did not reply till the i ith of 3d 
month, 1 72 1, nearly a year afterwards. " The Pro- 
prietor," he says, " in a Will left with me at his de- 
parture, hence gave all his Negroes their freedom but 
that is entirely private, however there are very few left. 
Sam died soon after your departure hence and his 
brother James very lately, Chevalier by a written order 
from his Master had his liberty several years ago, so 
that there is none left but Sue whom Letitia claims, or 
did claim as given to her when she went to England 
but how rightfully I know not these things you can 
best discuss. She has several children there are be- 
sides two old Negroes quite worn out the remainder 
of three which I recovered near eighteen years ago of 
E. Gibb's estate." 

Respecting Pennsbury in this letter he says, " I have 
lately sent for the books, hither but the goods after 
about twenty years age added to them, thou may as- 
sure thyself are much impaired. I wish some order 
were given about the house which is now ruinous. 
Buildings in this country as thou art sensible being 
but of small duration, compared with those of Europe. 
I have not for some years had one farthing from 
Rebecca, the plantation she says being scarce able to 
maintain itself which I know to be too true a story by 
the experience I have of one near Germantown." 



AFFAIRS AT PEXNSBURV. 4OI 

After he had arrived in England the Proprietary had 
strictly charged his Secretary Logan to " mind that 
the leads be mended," we do not know of it having 
been done, and from the tradition of the neighborhood 
it was this cause that brought about the very damage 
he mentions. 

It is apparent by this correspondence that Hannah 
Penn was entirely ignorant of the Will that her hus- 
band had made, though it is quite probable that she 
was with him at the time at Nevv Castle. According to 
Logan's letter there must have been at least seven full 
grown negro slaves at Pennsbury in 1704, of which 
three had been received from an estate probably for 
debt, without counting the children. It is true the 
Will of 1 70 1 was overruled by that of I7I2 in which 
no mention is made of their liberation, but it appears 
that had been already provided for in another paper 
probably held by Logan, and of whose existence we 
know nothing. Ellis is clearly mistaken (Life of 
Penn, p. 405 ) where he says, " There is no proof of 
Bancroft's assertion that Penn lived and died a holder 
of slaves. The utmost that can be shown, by the evi- 
dence of documents and 'Penn's cash books, is that 
he hired a few, the slaves of others." 

-In relation to Penn and slavery in America, Dix- 
on eloquently remarks, " His latest on the colonial 
legislature, was in behalf of the poor negroes. Ten 
years before this period, he had tried in vain to get 
26 



402 \VM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

a formal recognition of their claims as human be- 
ings ; but the question of slavery had made rapid 
progress in the interval, thanks to the efforts of his 
simple and earnest disciples from W^orms and Kirch- 
heim, — and his own ideas had also undergone a con- 
siderable development. The Assembly in 171 1 
passed an act declaring their importation for the fu- 
ture, under any condition, absolutely prohibited. But 
as soon as the law reached England, to receive the 
usual confirmation of the Crown, it was peremptorily 
cancelled. The germs, however, of truth, humanity, 
and justice, were planted in the colony, and in due 
season came the harvest. It was only with the re- 
volt against England, that freedom came to any part 
of the black race in America." 

Allusion has been made as to whether Penn had 
brought up his children in his religious faith, and if 
so, how long did they conform to the same ? 
William Penn, Jr., during the lifetime of his father, 
joined the Episcopal Church,'" but his recklessness 
was such that he could by no means be considered a 
consistent member. Letitia, we are satisfied, lived and 
died in his faith. Thomas Penn came to this Province 
with a certificate from the Two Weeks Meeting in 
London, dated 8th of 3d month, 1732, as did also his 
elder brother John, which was duly recorded in the 
minutes of the Philadelphia Monthly Meeting from 



* He no doubt had been married by Friends' ceremony, as his father-in-law, 
Charks Jones, was a member f.f the Meeting at Bristol. 



AFFAIRS AT PENNSBURY. 4O3 

whence we have this information. Some time after 
Thomas left the faith, but as far as we know John re- 
tained it to the last. On this subject it has been a pre- 
vailing opinion that his children had all early forsook 
the Friends, which it will be seen is not the fact. 

Mention has been made that Penn had recommended 
his cousin, Wm. Markham, as Deputy Governor the 
2d of 5th month, 1703. However he had been ap- 
pointed Register-General of Pennsylvania the 29th of 
I St month previous in the place of John Moore, who 
refused to yield him the office. He died in Philadelphia 
the 1 2th of 4th month, 1704. He left a will which 
may be seen in the Register's office, and bequeathed 
the bulk of his property to his wife ; he had an only 
child, a daughter of whom mention has been made in 
a previous chapter. He was the owner of several 
slaves, one of which, an Indian boy born in 1700 and 
called Ectus Frankson, was to be manumitted at the 
age of twenty-four, unless his wife by a special deed 
should otherwise direct. 

In chapter XVIII. of this work, we gave statistics 
relating to the Society of Friends on the departure of 
Penn in 1684, of which mention was made of eighteen 
meetings previously organized. We now give the 
same on his departure in 9th month, 1701. At this 
time there were in Philadelphia, including the present 
Montgomery county, eleven, in Bucks, six, and in 
Chester, including the present Delaware county, eleven ; 
making altogether twenty-eight meetings, of which 



404 WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

probably three-fourths had houses of worship erected, 
showing an increase of nine or nearly one-third the en- 
tire number in seventeen years. In 1 702 it is supposed 
that near one-half the whole population of the Province 
were Friends. James Logan, in a letter to Penn writ- 
ten in Third month of said year, estimated that Phila- 
delphia contained half the population of the Province, 
and of which about one-third were Friends, but that 
in the country they were largely in the majority. 



OPINIONS OF PENN S LAIJORS AND POLICY. 405 



CHAPTER XXXV. 

DIVERS OPINIONS RESPECTING THE RESULTS OF PENN'S 

LABORS AND POLICY, PARTICULARLY IN RELATION 

TO HIS LAST VISIT TO THE COLONY. 

As we have arrived at the concluding chapter we 
propose to give the opinions of various persons re- 
specting the results of the Proprietary's policy and 
labors for the advancement of his colony, particularly 
relating to his second visit here in 1699 to the time of 
his departure. Those that refer to his first stay have 
been given in chapter XVII. Such encomiums possess 
considerable interest, and go to show the various opin- 
ions that men may entertain or pass on a subject when 
viewed from different positions. This diversity is not 
only instructive but suggestive, and enables us the 
better to form our own judgments on matters which 
otherwise might be more perplexing. 

Peter S. Du Ponceau, in his Address delivered before 
the American Philosophical Society, June 6th, 182 1, 
thus eloquently speaks of Penn : 

" I should love to dwell on the character of our 
immortal founder, and to point out, by numerous ex- 
amples, that astonishing ascendency over the minds of 



406 \VM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

the mass of mankind, which enabled him to raise a 
flourishing and powerful commonwealth by means of 
all others the most apparently inadequate. To acquire 
and secure the possession of an extensive country, 
inhabited by numerous tribes of warlike savages, with- 
out arms, without forts, without the use or even the 
demonstration of physical force, was an experiment 
which none but a superior mind would have conceived, 
which none but a master spirit could have successfully 
executed. Yet this experiment succeeded in a manner 
that has justly excited the astonishment of the whole 
world. ' Of all the colonies that ever existed,' says 
Ebelung, ' none was ever founded on so philanthropic 
a plan, none was so deeply impressed with the charac- 
ter of its founder, none practiced in a greater degree 
the principles of toleration, liberty and peace, and none 
rose and flourished more rapidly than Pennsylvania. 
She was the youngest of the British Colonies established 
before the eighteenth century, but it was not long 
before she surpassed most of" her elder sisters in popu- 
lation, agriculture and general prosperity.' 

" For during the fifteen years which followed the 
departure, until his next return in 1699, history will 
have to picture far different scenes. The territories 
separated from the province, a schism in the church, 
and factions in the state, carried to such a degree of 
violence as to afford a pretext to the British Ministry 
to take into their hands the government of the country, 
and ignominiously annex it to that of a neighboring 



OPINIONS OF PENN S LABORS AND POLICY". 407 

colony. The historian will tell how William Penn 
rose superior to all these difficulties, recovered his former 
authority, and by his presence here, seduced all factions, 
re-united the lower counties, and restored the land to 
its former unanimity and peace. It was then that after 
three different constitutions had been successively tried 
and found inefficient, he gave to Pennsylvania that 
charter, which continued in force until the revolution, 
and which the people received with expressions of 
gratitude too soon afterwards forgotten. Unfortunately, 
this charter contained the seeds of that division between 
the province and territories, which after his departure 
broke out again, never to be healed. 

" It will ever be a source of regret that William Penn 
did not, as he had contemplated fixed his permanent 
residence in his province, and that, after the lapse of 
nearly two years, he again embarked for lingland, 
whence it had been decreed by Providence that he 
never should return. There is too much reason to 
believe that in this he yielded to the influence of his 
wife and of his daughter Letitia, who did not appear to 
have been pleased with a residence in the country. 
Yet Hannah Penn was a woman of great merit, and her 
name will shine conspicuously, and with honor in our 
history. But when we consider her rank, education, 
and fortune, and the situation of Pennsylvania at that 
time, we need not wonder that she preferred the society 
of her friends in her native land to a life of hardship 
and self-denial in a newly settled colony. And it is 



408 WM. PENX IN AMERICA. 

easy to conceive how William Penn's return may have 
been postponed amidst efforts to conquer her reluctance, 
until other circumstances intervened which prevented 
it altogether." 

" Thus we have given," states Oldmixon (Brit. Emp. 
in America, 1708), "the reader as full an account, as 
we could get by the best information of Pennsylvania, 
which was, to use the Proprietary's own words, made 
at once a country. For it is certain no colony in 
America came to such perfection in so little time, both 
in trade, settlements and numbers. Every one of the 
six counties has a quarterly and monthly Sessions, and 
Assizes twice a year. There is a Sheriff, for each shire 
or county, and Justice is frequently and regularly ad- 
ministered. The six counties run along twenty or 
thirty miles upon the rivers and bays, and backwards, 
as far as they are planted ; in some places above 
twenty miles. 

" The inhabitants consist of people of almost all 
nations and religions; but the opinion of the Quakers 
prevails so far, that they are by much the majority as 
the English are of all the other nations. And the Eng- 
lish, Dutch, Swedes, French, Indians and Negroes, in 
the province of Pennsyhania, may modestly be com- 
puted at 35,000 souls. All provisions are reasonable, 
but labour dear, which makes it a good poor man's 
country; husbandmen and mechanics getting ^15 and 
,-C20 wages per annum for their work, besides diet ; 
.s icli as carpenters, smiths, joiners, tailors, shoemakers. 



OPINIONS OF PENN S LAIJORS AND POLICY. 4O9 

cartwrights, husbandmen, &c. By which the reader 
may see, that the temptation for people to go thither, 
to mend their fortunes, to live pleasantly and plenti- 
fully, is so great, that it is not to be doubted but this 
province will get the start of all the other English 
settlements on the continent of America." 

" Though less cruel than the Spaniards," remarks 
Dixon (Biog. of Penn), " in their greed of gold, the 
English had scarcely proved themselves more just or 
rational. Even the Puritan settlers had been at con- 
tinual war with the natives of the soil, and more than 
one scene of treachery and atrocity stains the memory 
of the New England pilgrims. Penn strong in his 
belief in human goodness, would not arm his followers 
even for their own defence. In his province he had 
resolved that the sword should cease to be the symbol 
of authority ; neither soldier nor implement of war 
should be ever seen ; he would rely entirely on justice 
and courtesy to win the confidence of those whom it 
had hitherto been the vice of his countrymen to treat 
only as enemies. The world laughed at the enthusiast 
^\■ho thought of placing his head under the scalping 
knifes of the Lenni Lenape ; but his stern lieutenant, 
who had known something of the horrors of our civil 
war, did not despair of success. An eternal witness of 
Penn's sagacity is the fact that not one drop of Ouaker 
blood was ever shed by an Indian." 

James Bowden in his History of Friends in 
America (vol. 11., pp. 123-4), mentions, " WMien Wil- 



4IO WM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

Ham Penn founded his colony there were states on 
that continent, in which the non resisting principles of 
Christianity were recognized ; this as we have seen, 
was the case in the Httle colony of Rhode Island, and 
in the more recently established plantations of East 
and West New Jersey. In political importance and 
general interest, however, these provinces bear no 
comparison to that of Pennsylvania. Its extent, its 
prosperity, its rapid growth in population, the entire 
recognition of equal rights, the democratic form of its 
government, together with the large proportion of 
Friends among the early settlers, — all constitute to 
render that portion of the history of the province, 
during which it was conducted on the Christian prin- 
ciples of its enlightened founder, one of no ordinary 
moment. 

" The early settlers in this province, were mostly in 
religious profession with William Penn. The consti- 
tution, therefore, which he had framed harmonized 
with their views of civil things ; and whether in the 
Council, or in the Assembly, as officers of the peace, 
jurymen, or constables. Friends not only took their 
full share in serving the state, but, from the confidence 
reposed in them by the other colonists, the civil 
officers were for a long time, mostly occupied by them. 
In the Council of 1683, composed of eighteen repre- 
sentatives, six, it appears, were ministers in our Soci- 
ety, and a still larger number of Friends in that station 
were members of the Assembly. During his stay in 



OPINIONS OF PENNS LABORS AND POLICY. 4II 

the Province, William Penn always presided at the 
Council; and in the infant days of the colony, so 
largely were the practices of our religious Society, 
recognized among the representatives, that instead of 
opening the proceedings of the day with formal 
prayer, as in the Parliament at home, and in the 
Assemblies of neighboring provinces, they waited in 
solemn silence upon the God of the spirits of all flesh, 
and inwardly craved his aid, and his blessing, in their 
efforts thus to serve their fellow men. 

"At the decease of William Penn (ib. p. 147), the 
European population of his province is estimated to 
have numbered not less than 40,000, of whom one- 
fourth were inhabitants of the city of Philadelphia. 
The remaining portion of the population were engaged 
in the cultivation of the soil, and occupied the coun- 
try for about one hundred miles along the banks of 
the Delaware, and from twenty to thirty miles west of 
that river. About one-half of the community were 
Friends ; the other religious bodies being chiefly 
Presbyterians, Lutherans and Episcopalians." 

" An Examination of the various charges brought 
by historians against William Penn both as a man and 
as a political Governor," was the subject of a paper 
read before the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 
February 3d, 1830, by Job R. Tyson, from which we 
select the following extract: " Penn, too as a man and 
a Christian, was anxious to reconstruct the social and 
moral edifice upon purer principles than the old ; but 



412 W.M. FEXN IX AMERICA. 

though intent upon this, he used neither intolerance 
nor cruelty to aid him in the workmanship. No evi- 
dence of either is perceptible in his code. It pro- 
claimed liberty to all, and hailed with open arms pro- 
fessors of every religious persuasion. Let the sanguin- 
ary penalties of the New England code of 1 641, be 
placed in opposition to its mild inflictions ; or let its 
universal toleration be contrasted with the laws of 
Connecticut, passed in 1705, against heretics. If more 
be wanting, it may be added, that Burke, Anderson, 
Oldmixon, Father (3'Leary, Ebelung, and most of 
Penn's biographers unite in attributing the superiority 
of Pennsylvania, in social happiness and domestic 
quiet, over the other settlements in America, to the 
early influence of his laws." Respecting the act of 
1705, Mr. Tyson remarks that it "was abolished by 
Queen Anne. After proscribing all kinds of heretics, 
it provides in particular, that Quakers shall be im- 
prisoned or sent out of the colony ; that all unneces- 
sar}' discourse with Quakers, or the possession of their 
books shall be penal ; and that the master of a vessel 
who shall land Quakers without carrying them away, 
shall pay the penalty of ^^20." 

" The history of the province," remarks PMward 
Armstrong (Address, Hist. Society, 1858, p. 32), "in 
its relation to the interests and happiness of Penn, is a 
melanchol}' one. It touches the heart. The strife 
between his deputies and the Assembly — the ingrati- 
tude, unjust and grasping spirit of the people — the 



OPINIONS OF PENN S LABORS AND POLICY. 413 
/ 

misrepresentations of his enemies, Quarry, Lloyd and 
their adherents — his difficulties with Lord Baltimore 
— the consequences of his misplaced confidence in his 
fraudulent agents, the Fords — his distressing pecuniary 
embarrassments — the constant threats of taking his 
government from him — the political persecutions which 
he underwent in England — in short, the incidents of 
his troubled career from the day on which he landed 
here, until a merciful Providence clouded his intellect, 
and dulled the sharpness of his sorrows, form as pain- 
ful a picture as was ever presented to the eye of sym- 
pathizing humanity." 

" It is possible," says James Parton, " to overpraise 
the most virtuous action ; and perhaps William Penn 
has received for his conduct to the Indians more com- 
mendation than is due. Nevertheless the act was wise 
and right: and so let it stand. His greater glory 
was, that in his Province of Pennsylvania he did not 
follow the bad example set him by the Puritans of New 
England, in persecuting people for the sake of their 
religious principles. Quakers were whipped, branded, 
banished, pilloried, hanged, in New P2ngland ; but no 
Puritan was ever molested for religion's sake in Penn- 
sylvania. This was due, chiefly and immediately, to 
the wisdom and magnanimity of William Penn, and it 
will remain a glory to his memory forever. It was 
this which gave to Pennsylvania its rapid prosperity ; 
for while New P'.ngland, which was a refuge only for 
Puritans, ceased to attract emigrants when Puritans 



414 ^^'^I- PENN IN AMERICA. 

ceased to be persecuted in England, Pennsylvania con- 
tinued for a century to receive a tide of virtuous Prot- 
estants from Sweden, Norway, England, Germany, and 
even from New England itself" 

Respecting the Indians, says Janney (Life of Penn, 
p. 219), " It is certain that no other man ever attained 
so great an influence over their minds ; and the affec- 
tionate intercourse between them and the inhabitants 
of Pennsylvania, which continued as long as the prin- 
ciples of the first colonists preserved their ascendency, 
is the most beautiful exemplification afforded in history, 
that the peaceable doctrines of Christ are adapted to 
promote the happiness of man." As is well known, 
Penn was called by the Iroquois in their public 
speeches Onas and by the Delawares Miquon, which 
in both languages is the name for a pen or quill. 

" Nor is this high reputation," says Macaulay, 
" altogether unmerited. Penn was, without doubt, a 
man of eminent virtues. He had a strong sense of 
religious duty, and a fervent desire to promote the 
happiness of mankind. On one or two points of high 
importance, he had notions more correct than were in 
his day common, even among men of enlarged minds ; 
and as the proprietor and legislator of a province 
which, being almost uninhabited when it came into his 
possession, afforded a clear field for moral experiments, 
he had the rare good fortune of being able to carry 
his theories into practice without any compromise, and 
yet without any shock to existing institutions. He 



OPINIONS OF PENN S LAP.ORS AND POLIC\. 415 

will always be mentioned with honor as the founder of 
a colony, who did not, in his dealings with a savage 
people, abuse the strength derived from civilization, 
and as a lawgiver, who in an age of persecution, made 
religious liberty the corner stone of a polity." 

" William Penn," said Edmund Burke, " as a legis- 
lator, deserves great honor among all men. He 
created a Commonwealth which, from a few hundreds 
of indigent refugees, has in .seventy years grown to a 
numerous and flourishing people. But what crowned 
all, was the noble charter of privileges, by which he 
made them more free, perhaps, than any people on 
earth, and which, by securing both civil and religious 
liberty, caused the eyes of the oppressed from all parts 
of the world, to look to his country for relief This 
one act of godlike wisdom and goodness, has settled 
Penn's country in a more strong and permanent man- 
ner than the wisest regulations could have done on 
any other plan." 

" In spite of its frequent political jars and bicker- 
ings," remarks Ellis (Life of Penn, p. 406), " the 
province of Pennsylvania was, at the time of its 
founder's death, a monument to his wisdom and 
benevolence. It numbered then a population of sixty 
thousand, and Philadelphia alone contained fourteen 
hundred houses. The province continued to be owned 
and governed by the Penn family until the war of the 
revolution." 

" That such a character as William Penn," remarks 



4l6 \VM. PENN IN AMERICA. 

Bowden, " should have had many biographers cannot 
excite surprise. His fame may be said to be world- 
wide, and men of far different sentiments have inscribed 
his name on the pages of history, as one of the most 
illustrious of his age — an age, it should be remembered, 
of stirring events and conspicuous for men of brilliant 
attainments." Bancroft says, " His fame is now as 
wide as the world," and Montesquieu calls him " the 
modern Lycurgus." 

These encomiums we know might be extended, but 
our desire is merely to select such as possess senti- 
ments in which we generally can concur, and be 
restricted to a moderate chapter. 



INDEX. 



I N D 1^: X 



PAGE. 

Abington Monthly Meeting Records, 

71, 72, 86 

Account of Pennsylvania, by Markhani, 

33 ; by Penn, 44,85, 88, 114, 120, 132, 

144, 173, 219 ; Pastorius, 131 ; Thos. 

Paschall, 147; Gabriel Thomas, 190; 

Oldmixon, 408 

Account West's Painting Great Treaty, 76 
Acrelius on Official Corruption, . . . 296 

Allen, Nathaniel, 97 

Appeals to the King, 21 

Arran, Ear! of, 143 

Armstrong, Edward, Address, . .67,412 
Asheton, Robert, sheriff, 242 ; Kotice 
of, 243 ; Penn's Cousin, 289 ; Clerk 

of the Courts, 364 

Assembly at Upland, 73, 78 ; at New 
Castle, 274 ; Meanness to Perm, 254, 
348 ; Model Message to, 282 ; Penn's 
Speech, 344 ; Address to Penn, 346 ; 

Not Harmonious, 349 

Atkins and Bradford Reprimanded, . 197 
Attention of Penn to America, ... 17 
Aubrey, William, Marriage 393 

Baltimore, Lord, Agents, 19 ; Letters 
to Marquis of Halifax, 92 ; to Penn, 
104, 107 ; Blatheway te, 104 ; Claims 

of, 156, 313 

Bancroft on the Stuarts, 25 

Barbadoes Island on Schuylkill, . . . 167 
Bayard, Nicholas, Letter to Penn, . . 138 

Beale, George, Purchase, 387 

Beaver Skin Tribute, 21 ; Sent to the 

King, 89 : Trade on Schuylkill, . . 207 
Beekman, Wm , Letter to Penn, . . . 137 

Beggary in England, 46 

Bellomont, Lord, Gov. N. Y., 240, 
246, 251, 253, 259, 260 ; Penn's Visit 
10,278; Respecting Pirates, 279 ; on 
his Death, 307; Condolence to the 
Countess, 308 ; Biographical Sketch, 309 

Bevan, B , Accident to, 227 

Biographers of Penn, . 395, 398, 407, 416 
Blackiston, Governor of Maryland, 

224, 232, 276, 290 
Blue Anchor Tavern, 71 



PAGE. 

Boundary Dispute with Baltimore, 83, 
87, 9-. "3, 122, 125, I35> 137. 14s, 

153. 155, 163, 205,311,413 
Bowman, Henry, Charge against, . . 97 
Brinsley, Luke, Ranger, . . . . 199 

Bristol and Buckingham, • 266 

British Government, 281 

Brooks, Ed. and Ford, 136 

Brown, James, Suspected of Piracy, 
237 ; Penn on the Matter, 238 ; Sent 

to New York, 252 

Bucks County, Justices for, 161 ; Book 
of Earmarks, 198; Slow Paying Quit- 
rents, 200; Highway in, 264 ; Elec- 
tions, 340 

Burlington Monthly Meeting, .... 72 
Burlington, Penn gets Supplies from, 

260, 263, 275, 331 

Callowhill, Thos., to H. Penn, . . . 571 
Carpenter, Samuel, 244, 341, 342, 372, 379 

Change of Names, 84 

Charles IL, Charter from, 18 ; Names 
Pennsylvania, 19 ; Receives Two 
Beaver Skins Yearly, 21 ; Friendship 
for Penn, 25 ; Address to the Colo- 
nists, 27 ; Court Opened in his Name, 
70 : Penn Presents him Beaver and 
Otter Skins, 89 ; Has Sympathy for 
Friends, 143 ; Called Justinian, 160; 
Penn Visits him, 172 ; Death of, . 202 
Charter, Royal at Harrisburg, 19 ; 
Powers of, 20 ; Penn's Promise 
therefor, 24 ; Petition for Lost, 25 ; 

for Lower Comities, 375 

Cheating the Governor, 269 

Chester, Penn's Residence, 88 ; Court 
held there, 230 ; Penn Partner in a 
Mill, 244 ; Vane of Preserved, 245 ; 
Sheriff of, 275 ; Incorporated a Bor- 
ough, 377 

City Square, 129 

Clark, Benjamin, Printer, 56 

Clark, Wm., 138; Penn's Letter to, . 232 

Clarkson's Errors, 69, 75, 169 

Claypoole, Edw., Arrival, 137 



420 



INDEX. 



PAGE. 

Claypoole, James, Opinion of Penn, 47 ; 
Merchant of London, 53; Letters 
from, 64, 77, 85 ; I'enn's Kindness to, 
147 ; Notice of, 148 : Acts as Inter- 
preter, 150 

Coaquannock, 7^ 

Cock, Capt. Lasse, 40, in ; Interpre- 
ter, 148 

Coffee and Chocolate, 269, 270 

Colonial Money Unequally Valued, . 280 
Commissioners Sent by Penn, .... 38 

Concessions and Conditions, 48 

Conshohocken, or Edge Hill, .... 109 
Coroner's Office Established, .... 98 
Council, How Formed, 93; Members 
of, 96; No Longer Elected, 369 ; Gor- 
don's Views on, 370 

County Seals Ordered, 98 

Courts of Inquiry Established, 297; 
Judges Commissioned, 298 ; Its Un- 
popularity, 300,301,302 

Culpepper, Lord, Letter to Penn, 84 ; 
Governor of Virginia, 8g ; Visit ex- 
pected from, 103 

Culpnts, Sentence of, 136 

Deaths on the Welcome, 64 

Deeds, Indian at Harrisburg, .... 107 
Delaware Government, .... 24, 32, 67 

Depeister, Col., 239, 347 

Dixon's Defence of Penn, . . .401,409 
Duke of York's Release, 22 ; Good 

Will to Penn, 23 ; Friendship for, . 25 
Dungan, Col. "Thomas, 135 ; Writes to 

King about Penn, 205, 274 

Du Ponceau's Eloquent Remarks, 189, 405 

Edge Hill a Boundary, 109 

Ellison Boundary Dispute, 313 ; Error 

in his Biography, 401 

Emigration, German Pamphlets on, . 304 
Encroachments of Baltimore resisted, 153 
England, Condition of its People, . 45 
Evans, John, Proposed for Governor, 

389, 390 
Exports to go only to England, ... 20 

Extension of Privileges, 26 

Extent of Pennsylvania, 21 

Fairman, Thomas, 41, 71 ; R^llS his 
House to Penn, 71 ; His Marriage, 
72 ; Horseback Journeys with Penn, 
74, 142 ; the Indian Tract, 269 ; Re- 
surveying Manor of Moreland, 303 ; 
Defends his Services, 328 ; Logan's 
111 Opinion, 330 ; Notice of, ... . 330 
Farmer, Edward, Interpreter, . . . .310 

Ferris, Benjamin, 40, 67 

Ferries on Schuylkill, 258 

Fines to go to Building Court-House, 137 

Finney, Capt. John, 388 

Fletcher, Gov. on Penn, 212 : Com- 
mission Revoked, 215 



PAGE. 

Flower, Enoch, School, 140 

Foxes for England, 267 

Fox, George, Presented with Land, 
51 ; Penn's Letter to his Widow, . 171 

Frame of Government, 50 

Frankfort Land Company, . 130, 305, 359 
Free Society of Traders, 53 ; Direc- 
tors of, 54 ; Issue a Pamphlet, 54 ; 

Penn's Letter to, 128 

Friends Worship at Fairman's House, 
42, 100; Essentially Democratic, 57; 
Hold Worship at Upland, 69 ; Ac- 
count of 99 ; in 1684, 94 ; Rawle's 
Compliment, 195 ; McCall's, 196 ; 
Bowden's, 410, 411 ; Statistics of, 
403 ; Logan's Estimate, 404 ; Per- 
secution of, 409, 412, 413 

Fruit, Abundance of, 34 

Game, Abundance of, ■. . 35 

Germans, Early Arrival, 130; Found 

Germantown, 132 ; make Extensive 

Purchase, 360; Its Location, 362 ; 

First Opposers to Slavery, .... 402 
Government Indebtedness to Admiral 

Penn, 17 

Governor, Powers Vested in, .... 81 

Governor's Earmark, 198 

Grant of Pennsylvania, 17 ; of West 

New Jersey, 17 ; Charter to Penn, 

18 ; of Delaware 23 

Grapes, Wild, Abundant, 146 

Great Law Passed, 79 

Growdon, Joseph, 282, 286, 340, 347; 

Biographical Notice, 348 

Hamilton, Gov. Andrew, 276, 278, 353, 
375: his Death, 388; Gives Security 
for Governor, 389 

Harrison, James, Steward at Penns- 
bury, 199 

Harrison, Jos., Purchases West's 
Treaty, 76 

Hans, John, Indian Trader, 270, 271, 309 

Haverford Meeting House, .... 261 

Heckoqucom, Biogrf phical Sketch of, 271 

Herman, Ephraim, Attorney, 66; 
penn's Letter to, 68 ; Letter to Penn, 102 

Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 
25, 40, 67, 74, 76, 90, 182, 195, 196, 
198, 222, 224, 343 ; Memoirs of, 85, 
118, 125, 160, 170, 201, 225 ; Collec- 
tions of, 302 

Holme, Thos , Arrival, 40 ; Letter to 
Indians, 41 ; Mayor of New Castle, 
70 ; Surveyor ueneral, 72 ; Notice 
of, 210 

Hutcheson, George, on Evil Reports, 

93.98 

Hyde, Lord, Notice of, 90 

Indians to be Kindly Treated, 24 ; to 
be kept Cvil, 23 ; Markham's Rela- 



INDEX. 



421 



PAGE. 

tion to, 31 ; Treats with at Passyunk, 
33 ; Their Signatures, 34 ; Perm's 
Regards for, 36 ; Letters to from 
Penn, 37, 40; Desires Peace with 
them, 38, 49 ; On Setthng Difficulties, 
50; Great J'reaty with, 74; Purchases 
from, 39, 106, log, 134, 136, 155, 272, 
274; Character by Penn, 120; Ex- 
emption from Care, 121 ; A Bishop 
Intercedes for, 127 ; Right to the Soil, 
127; Christiana Befriends them, 127; 
Demand Rum, 154 : Rumors About, 
178 ; Their Numliers, 186 ; Moral 
Improvement, 24S; Worship for, 
249 ; Visits from. 259 ; 'J'heir To- 
hickon Lands, 269 ; Troublesome, 
270; Difficulties with, 310, 313; 
Delegation to Penn, 311; King's 
Palace, Conestoga, 318 ; Penn's 
Travels among, 319 ; Advice to 
Treat with, 324 ; Treaty with Five 
Nations, 346 

James Duke of York, 66 ; Cape Hen- 
lopen called after him, 84 ; Penn 

Gives him Manors, 89 

Janney's Biography of Penn, 57, 90 ; 

Errors in, 278, 319 

Jasper, John, 54 

Jennings, Samuel, 267 

Jurors' Attestation, 95 

Justices New Castle Court, 70 

Key, John, first born, 104,105 

King to Levy no Taxes, 22 ; Grants 

Delaware, 24 ; Sends Address, . . 27 
King's Highway, 264, 273 

Lancaster, Penn's Journey to, .... 133 

Laws, Penn's Code of, 191 

Leather Stockings Used, 342 

Legislator, Qualifications for, .... 81 
Lehman, P.L., Penn's Secretary, . 169 

Levick, James J., 55 

Liberty of Conscience, 79 

Limestone at Mount Joy 367 

Lloyd, David, 229 ; Notice of, . . . . 230 
Logan, James, Arrives with Penn, 
224 ; at Philadelphia, 228 ; Early 
Deeds on Lands, 297 ; on Penn's 

Slaves, 291, 398, 400 

Lords of Trade and Plantations, 18, 126, 
163, 205, 212, 215, 219, 237, 
251, 278, 279. 335, 387 
Lumley, Capt., John, 270, Ship Provi- 
dence, 283 ; Penn's Letter on, . . . 283 

Manor of Springfield, 142, 214 

Markham Sent to America, 27 ; Notice 
of, 28; Penn's Instructions to, 30 ; 
Arrival, 32 ; Letters from, 33 ; to 
Prevent Falsehood, 38 ; Compliment 
of, 43; Makes Purchases, 11 1 ; 



PACE. 

Agent to England, 113, 122; Son-in- 
Law Brown, 237; Proposed for 
Governor, 388 ; Register General, . 403 
Maryland, Proclamation about, . . . 136 
Masters, 'I'homas opposed to Penn, . 301 
Masters, \Vm. and Letitia Penn, . . . 395 
Maughhoughsin's Landon Perkiomen, 155 
Members of First Assembly, .... 78 

McCall, Peter, Address, 196 

Middletown Monthly Meeting Rec- 
ords, . . 63 

Monument on Treaty Ground, ... 75 
Moore, John, Attorney-General, 229, 230, 
269, 379 
More, Nicholas, Physician, 53; Arrival, 
77; President of Assembly, 79 ; Re- 
buked, 97: apt. Secretary, 102; 
Provincial Judge, 163 ; His Manor, 

165, 303 ; biog. sketch 166 

Morris, Lewis, Letter to Penn, ... 48 

Negroes, their Moral Improvement, 
248 ; Worship Provided, 249 ; Slaves 
at Pennsbury, 400 

New Castle, Grant of, 23, 66 ; Court at, 
68, 71 ; Vessels Depart Free, 77 ; 
Records at, 95 : Sheriflf of, 275 ; Penn 
Makes his Will, 373 

New York Governors, 23, 29, 217, 
278 ; Boundary Dispute, 135 ; Money 
for Defence, 345 

Nicholson, Gov, of Va., 224, 231, 276, 277, 
278, 280, 294 

Norris, Isaac on Penn, 230 ; Writes to 
Ford, 253 ; to Daniel Zachary, 287, 
302,348, 349; Jeffry Pennell, 306, 
367; on Penn's Family, . . . 307, 318 

Oaths, Scruples About, 95 

Oldmixon's Account of Penn's Jour- 
ney, 132 ; Orchards at Pennsbury, 
336 ; Prosperity of Penn's Colony, 408 

Official Corruption, 296, 302 

Oliver, Evan, on Penn's Arrival, , . . 67 
Owen, Dr. G!, at Chester, 226 

Pamphlets, German, 304 

Parmeter, John from N. Y., 239 ; 

Visits Penn, 259 

Pastorius, F. D., Arrival, 130; Visits 

Penn, 131 

Passes Required 304 

Pemberton, Phineas, no, 343 ; Records 

Earmarks, 198; in 111 Health, . . 383 
Penington, Edward, Marriage, 235 ; 

Surveyor-General, 236; Executor, . 372 
Penn, Granville John, 74 ; Disposes of 

West's Treaty, 76 

Penn, Gulielma Maria, Manor, 142; 

Notice of, . . 213 

Penn, Hannah, 262,265,291, 296, 323, 326, 
368, 381, 399, 400, 401, 407 



422 



INDEX. 



PAGE. 
Pcnn, John, Born in Phila., 240, 307 ; 
Receives Perkasie Manor, 242 ; a 
Manor on Schuylkill, 367; Religion, 402 
Penn, Letitia, biog sketch, 223 ; Anx- 
ious for England, 341, 407 ; Receives 
Mount Joy Manor, 366, 392 ; Joy on 
Return, 387 ; Marriage, 393 ; Por- 
tion, 395; Declines Slaves, 399, 400; 
Notice of, 391 ; Certificate of Re- 
moval, 393 ; Religion, 402 

Penn Manuscripts, 25 

Penn, Springett, 303 

Penn, Wm., Admiral, 17, Knighted, 
25 ; Wife Margaret Jasper, 54 ; In- 
debtedness to, 337 

Penn, Wm., Proprietary ; His Charter 
and Powers, 22; His Promises 
therefor, 24 ; Sends Markhain to 
Penna., 27; Address to Colonists, 
29; Commission to Markham, 30; 
The Swedes, 36; Exertions for the 
Colony, 44 ; Ideas of Government, 
51 ; Prepares Laws, 52 ; Opinion of 
Justice, 53; Death of his Mother, 
54 : Encourages Emigration, 55 ; 
Departs for America, 58 ; On a 
Country Life, 60 ; Address to 
Friends, 61 ; Fondness for Horses, 
65 ; Arrives at New Castle, 66 ; Ap- 
points Justices, 67 ; Horseback 
Journeys, 72, 74, 142; Visits N. Y. 
and Md., 73; His Promises, 82; 
Visits Lord Baltimore, 83 ; His Ex- 
tensive Correspondence, 87; Send 
him Evil Reports, 93, 98 ; Account 
of his Late Visit, 103 ; Gift of a Lot, 
105 ; Complains of West Jersey, 
105 ; Presides as Judge, 108 ; At- 
tachment to the Country, 112; 
Writings Translated and Published, 
129; Travels to the Interior, 132; 
Susquehanna Purchase, 134 ; Issues 
a Proclamation, 136; Presides at 
Two Trials for Witch.:raft, 148 ; 
Admirable Letter Writer, 161 ; 
Reprimands Selling Rum to Indians, 
i6i ; Appoints Provincial Judges, 
163: Commissioners, 164; Settles 
about River Lots, 166 ; Fretwell's 
Great Tract, 167 ; Embarks on Brig 
Endeavor, 168 ; Valedictory to 
Friends, 168 ; Arrival in England, 
169 ; Visits the King and Duke, 
172 ; Writes Another Account, 173 ; 
Advice to Emigrants, 179 ; Mis- 
fortunes, 192 ; Called " Lord Penn," 
197; His Barge, 201,260; Advice 
for Harmony, 203 : Gov. Dungan's 
Opposition, 206 ; Financial Troubles, 
208 ; Solicits Money, 211 ; Restora- 
tion of his Province, 214 ; Union of 
the Colonies, 216 ; Hannah Callow- 
hill, 218; Procrastinates, 219 : Cer- 



PAGE. 

tificates of Removal, 220; Delivers 
a Farewell Sermon, 222 ; Embarks 
for America, 223 ; Family, 223 ; 
Landing at Chester, 224 ; Arrives at 
Phila., 227 ; Visits Markham, 229 ; 
Pirates, 237 ; Indians and Negroes, 
248 ; Address to Council, 249 ; 
Compensation for Services, 253 ; 
Gouty Attacks, 259, 273, 327, 331, 
383, 388; Pocket Compass, 265; Re- 
ception of Governors, 275 ; Sug- 
gestions, 279; Visits Lord Bello- 
mont, 278 ; Model Address, 282 ; 
Exertions for a Ship, 283, 285 ; In- 
disposed, 291 ; Court of Inquiry, 
298; Winter in Phila., 306; On the 
Death of Lord Bellomont, 308 ; 
Second Trial for Witchcraft, 314 ; 
Efforts to Deprive him of his Prov- 
ince, 333, 336, 337, 339 ; Remark- 
able Industry, 339 ; Embarra.ss- 
ments, 340, 396, 413 ; Disapproves of 
Swearing, 343 ; Makes a Speech to 
Assembly, 344 ; Indians' Farewell, 
350 ; Covenants With, 351 ; the 
Germans' Tract, 360 ; Dispo.ses to 
the Swedes, 365 ; New Charter of 
Privileges, 369 ; Makes his Will, 
371 ; Arrangements for Final De- 
parture, 377; Instructions to Lo- 
gan, 378, 380, 397 ; Embarks on 
Ship l^ohnahoy , 380, ; Arrival in 
England, 382 ; Expenditures in 
Penna., 386 ; Proposes Gov. Evans, 
389 ; No Financier, 395 ; Holding 
Slaves, 398, 401; Children as Friends, 

402 ; His Indian Names, 414 

Penn and Assembly, 73, 78, 154^ 241, 250, 
253, 274, 276, 282, 285, 286, 301, 334, 

342. 353. 364 

Penn's Benevolence, 51, 89, 105, 147, 166, 
225, 227, 261, 283, 284 

Penn and Council, at Phila , 96, 124, 136, 
137, 140, 148, 153, 161, 203, 241, 246, 
249, 253, 254, 255, 258, 259, 260, 263, 
264, 273, 282, 295, 303, 306, 310, 314, 
317, 327, 333,350; at New Castle, 
154, 169, 285; at Lewis, 166 

Penn, encomiums on, by James Clay- 
poole, 47, 147 ; Pastorius, 131 ; J. 
Oldmixon, 181 408; Richard Town- 
send, 182 ; Ed. Armstrong, 183, 412 ; 
James Parton, 184, 413 ; George 
Bancroft, 185, 416 ; Amer. Encyclo- 
pedia, 186 ; George Ellis, 187. 415 ; 
Thos. Clarkson, 187; Jas. Bovvden, 
188, 410, 416; Du Ponceau, 189, 
405; S. M. Janney, 191, 414: 
Moral Almanac, 191 ; Peter McCall, 
196; Dixon, 409: Macaulay, 414 ; 
Ed Burke, 415 ; Montesquieu, . . 416 

Penn's Letters : to the Colonists, 29 ; 
to Markham, 37, 76, 92, 237 ; 



INDKX. 



423 



I'AGE. 

Indians, 37, 40 ; Wife and Children, 
59; E.Herman, 68; Lords of Plan- 
tations, 83, 251,2 92, 388, 389 ; Earl 
of Clarendon, 85 ; Lord Culpepper, 
88 ; Win. Darval, 63 ; Lord Hyde, 
80 ; Jasper Yates, 90 ; Col. Henry 
Sidney, 113 ; Lord North, 116 ; Earl 
of Sunderland, 118, 159 ; Henry 
Savill, iig; Col. Thos. Taylor, 122; 
John Tucker, 122; Philemon Lloyd, 
123: King Charles, 125 ; Free So- 
ciety of Trades, 128; Earl of Arran, 
145 ; Earl of Rochester, 145 ; Mar- 
quis of Halita.x, 145 ; Duke of York, 
157 ; James Harrison, 169, 199 ; 
Margaret Fo.\, 171 ; Thos. Lloyd, 
202 ; Provincial Council, 203, 208 ; 
Robert Turner, 210 ; Secretary 
Vernon, 228, 247, 286 ; Col. Codring- 
ton, 228, 247, 30Q ; Governor Nich- 
olson, 231; Major Donaldson, 231 ; 
Wm. Clark, 232 ; Gov. Blackiston, 
232, 290, 313 ; John Parmeter, 239, 
259 ; Gov. Nanfan, 239, 246, 252, 
317, 324, 364 ; Lord Bellomont, 240, 
251, 259; Sir Thos. Beeston, 242; 
Gov. of Barbadoes, 242 ; Commis- 
sioners of Customs, 244, 293 ; M. 
Birch, 255 ; James Logan, 260, 265, 
268, 269, 273, 275. 277, 322, 327, 330, 
335) 34°i 383 : Owners of Ship 
Providence, 283; Judge (Quarry, 
288, 288 ; R. Asheton, Sheriff, 2S9 ; 
Death of Lord Bellomont, 307, 308 ; 
John Hans, 310 ; Col. Jenkins, 312 ; 
N Y. Government, 313 ; Chas. 
Lawton, 336; Duke of Devonshire 
and Others, 337 ; Earl of Komney, 
339 : Col. Depeister, 347 

Penn's Travels : Embarks for Amer- 
ica, 59,223; at Nevif Castle, 66, 70, 
104, 136, 289, 370, 398; Upland and 
Chester, 67, 84, 108, 225 ; Philadel- 
phia, 71, 96, 98, 126,159,227,255; 
East Jersey, 73 ; New York, 73, 135, 
276, 278; Long Island, 73; Mary- 
land, 73, 83, 320 ; Pennsbury, 93, 
95, 100, III, 259, 291 ; Lewis, 103, 
166, 312 ; Pericasie, 107 ; Susque- 
hanna River, 132, 317, 318; Umbili- 
camence, 74, 142 ; Piahewickon, 42 ; 
Sinevvsickon, 74; Burlington, 235, 
243 ; Neshaminy, 243 ; Embarks for 
England, 16S, 378 ; Haverford, 261 ; 
Welsh Friends, 262 ; Indians on 
Schuylkill and Susquehanna, 319 ; 
Merion, 321 ; Gwynedd, 322 

Penn, Wm. Jr., Marriage, 223; Letter 
to Logan, 303; Biography Sketch, 
390; Character, 391 : Religion, . .409 

Pennsylvania: Grant of, 17; Penn's 
Petition for, 24, 25; How Named, 
18, 19, 20 ; Bounds of, 21 ; Products, 



I'A(;e. 
33; Toleration in, 58; Divided into 
Counties, 84; Prosperity of, 88, 115, 
146, 408, 411; Described by Penn, 
44, 85, 88, 114, 120, 132, 144; F. D. 
Pastorius, 131 ; Thos. Paschall, 147; 
Gabriel Thomas, 190 ; Oldmixon 
408; Government Reviewed, 286; 
Time Spent by Penn, 384 

Pennsbury Manor, 40 ; Site for the 
Mansion, 73 ; Friends hold Worship, 
100; First Mentioned, III ; Account 
of, 112; Residence of Penn, 153; 
Provisions and Seeds from England, 
170, 199; Harrison Steward, 199; 
Resurveyed and Draft, 247 ; Penn's 
Return, 259, 291, 322, 324, 363 ; In- 
dians E.\pected,26o; Improvements, 
263,267, 268, 270; On Early Map, 
304 ; Cider-making, 335 ; Old- 
mi.von's Visit, 336; Brew-house, 
342 ; Error about, 350 ; Goods 
Catalogued, 386; Condition, 400; 
Neglected by Logan, 401 

Pennypack and Poquessing Brif'gts, 

265, 266 

Perkasie Visited by Penn, 107 ; Manor 
Surveyed, 242 

Philadelphia, First Mentioned, 72 ; 
Commerce, 116; Plan ot, 129 ; De- 
scribed by Penn, 114, 128, 144, 146, 
175; Prosperity, 176, 188,190,230; 
Yellow Fever, 224, 227 ; Night 
Watch Appointed, 258; Indian 
Alarm there, 263 ; Governor's Meet- 
ing, 279 ; Incorporated a City, 363 ; 
Bounds of, 364 ; Penn Preaches 
there, 368 ; Governor's Final De- 
parture, 371 ; Population in 1702, . 404 

Pirates, Troubles About, 231 ; Bra- 
denham Captured, 232; Suspicions 
Respecting, 233 ; Proclamation Con- 
cerning, 233; Randolph's Letter, 
236; Lords of Trade Thereon, 237; 
James Brown Suspected, 237; Laws 
"Passed Against, 241, 250, 279; 
Penn's Letters Thereon, 244, 246, 247, 
251. 252, 293, 317, 

Population, Estimate of, 42, 131, 146, 187, 
408, 411, 415 

Post Offices Established, no 

Prison at Upland or Chester, . . 69, 376 

Proud's Pennsylvania, 129; Error in, 224 



Quarry, R., Judge of Admiralty, 229, 230, 
251, 284, 285, 288, 398, 413 

Randolph, E., on the Quakers, . . .236 

Rawlc, Wm., Address, 56, 195 

Richardson, F., Arrives with Mark- 
ham, 31 

Richardson, John, 351 

Roberts, Ranger of Phila. County, . 199 



424 



INDEX. 



PAGE. 

Routlege, John, 326; Notice of his 

Family, 327 

Rudman, Rev. Andrew, 365 

Kum Prohibited to Indians, 32 ; De- 
mand it, 154; Reprimanded, 161; 
John Hans, Trader, 270, 271 ; 
Penn's Opposition, 353 

Sapasnick Island, 40, iii, 112 

Schooling, Cost of, . . 140 

Schuylkill River, 109 ; Ferries at, . . 258 

Servants Chastised, 124 

Shad, Abundance of, 177 

Sheriffs and Coroners, 369 

Shippen, Edw., Notice of, 266 ; Own- 
ers of a Ship, 340 ; Mayor, 364 ; 

E.xecutor, 372, 379 

Shipping Increase, 42 

Sidney, Col. Henry, 113 

Simcoe, Major, Protects Treaty Elm, 75 

Small-Po.x on the H-'elcoiite, 63 

Sotcher, John, 200, 263, 310 

Sotcher, John and Mary Lofty, 200; 
Marriage, 354; Their Certificates, 
356,357; Descendants, 358; Notice 
of, 359 ; Receives a Legacy, .... 383 
State Paper Office, London, 106, no, 233 
Story, Thos., Account of Penn's Arri- 
val, 225 ; With Penn at Burlington, 
235, 243; Bucks Quarterly, 244; 
Penn's Esteem for, 279 ; E.xamines 

Laws, 296 ; Recorder 364 

Sunderland, Earl of, 18, 85, 114 

Sussex County, Troubles in, 311 

Susquehanna Falls Purchase, . . 136, 274 

Swedish Ambassador, 36 

Swedish Houses of Worship, 42 ; Pur- 
chase at Molatton, 365 

i'albot, Col. George, .... 135, 157, 159 

Tamanen and Wingebone, 106 

Taylor, Col. Thos., 83, 112, 125 

Tenill, Robert, Reprimanded, . . . 161 
Thomas, Gabriel, Account of Penna,, 190 



PAGE. 

Toleration in Pennsylvania, 58, 79, 410, 

412, 413, 415 
Townsend, Richard, Arrival, .... 63 
Treaty Tree, 75 ; Monument on its 

Site, 75 

Tribute of Beaver Skins, 21 ; A Rose 

on St. Michael's Day, 23 

Turner, Robert, Merchant, 19 ; Letter 

to, 64; On the Germans, 132 ; Apt, 

Judge, 163 ; Progress of Phila., igo ; 

New Meeting Houses, 195 

Umbilicamence, 74, 141, 142 

Union of Colonies Proposed by Penn, 216 
Union Penna. and Delaware, .... 82 
Upland, Court at, 33; Account of 6g ; 
Name Changed, 82 ; First Assembly, 73 

Vane, Ancient, on Chester Mill, . . . 244 

Venison Abundant, 34, 35, 18 

Virginia Governors, . ... 277, 279 

Wade, Robert, at Upland, 69 ; Wife 

Lydia, 226 

Wampum, Penn's Great Belt, .... 74 
Warrants for Surveys, 141, 151, 167, 303, 

360. 365 

Watson's Annals, Error in, 351 

Welcome sails for England, 76 

Welsh, Arrival of, 151 ; Purchase 

Large Tract 152 

West, Benjamin, Paints Great Treaty, 76 
West New Jersey, Grant of, 17 ;' Com- 
missioners to Treat with, 105 

White, George, Purchase, 162 

William III. becomes King, . . 209 

Witchcraft, Trial for, 148 ; Another 

Charge, 314 ; Recognized by Law, . 315 
Woolston, John, at Burlington, ... 72 

Yates, Jasper, Penn's Reply to, 60 ; 

Notice of, 92 

Year to begin in March, 81 

York, Duke of, Penn's Friend, 23, 25 ; 

Visits him, 172 



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